关于我国养老机构社会化推行中提升服务质量的探讨
发布时间：2018-09-09 08:27
【摘要】：世界卫生组织对发达国家与发展中国家的老年人年龄界定不同,在发达国家,年龄超过65岁的划定为老年人,在发展中国家,老年人的年龄划分在60岁,《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》第一章第二条规定,所称老人是指六十周岁以上的公民,截止2013年底,我国60岁以上人口数量达到202亿,占我国人口总数的14.9%,2015年我国城乡部分失能和完全失能老年人在4000万左右。根据预测,到2020年,老年人人口数量将占全国总人口的19.3%,2040年,人口总数将达到3.97亿,超过德国、意大利、法国、英国和日本目前人口的总和,到2050年,老年人口比率将达到38.6%。目前,我国已经是世界上老年入口最多的国家。在我国现行的养老体系下,养老机构床位数达到493.7万张,综合性社区服务中心1.2万张,日间照料床位4.7万张,留宿照料床位1.2万张。国务院总理李克强在2014年3月5日在政府工作报告中重申支持养老发展,李克强指出,我国要扩大服务消费,支持社会力量兴办各类服务机构,重点发展养老服务。随着老龄化进程加快,我国养老产业具备巨大的发展潜力。长期以来,我国实行的养老模式主要是家庭养老,即父母抚养子女,子女赡养父母,这种模式是最原始最简单的,经济转移发生在代际之间。但是随着经济社会的转型以及基本国策的改动,家庭养老规模逐渐缩小,计划生育的实施,使家庭结构逐渐趋于“4—2—1”结构,即一对已婚生子的独生子女家中普遍有4个父母,一个小孩,该对独生子女要承担起抚养孩子和赡养老人的责任与义务,由于大多数子女要工作养家,其承担的经济和精神压力倍增,很多人无法兼顾工作和家庭,空巢老人增多,家庭养老功能逐渐弱化,在这种情况下,催生了养老机构的成立,催化了养老机构的发展,养老需求与日俱增。当前,经济快速发展,生活水平不断提高,中青年一代面临工作和生活的巨大压力,在照顾家庭时常常力不从心,甚至抱怨老人是家中的负担,不愿意尽到赡养老人的义务责任,为了解决这类老人无法受到家庭成员照顾的问题,老人养老正在突破传统家庭养老模式,逐渐形成了家庭养老、社区养老和机构养老三者相辅相成的养老服务体系,并出现了异地养老、以房养老、“侯乌式”养老和生态养老的新形式。国家迫切需要民间资本、社会力量进入养老服务行业,大规模发展社会养老服务机构,实现养老市场化、产业化,以应对养老服务市场供不应求的主要问题。随着社会福利市场化、产业化的进程,国家改变了以往“一公到底”的办院模式,“一公到底”即公办、公建、公管、公营,经营主体只有政府,现在国家盘活存量,将经营主体从政府向市场转变,通过改制、租赁、承包等多种方式将社会福利机构推入市场,实现多种方式经营,比如“公办民营”、“民办公助”、“纯民办”等,国家鼓励民间资本、社会力量涌入社会福利领域,用各种优惠政策和扶持性资金促进社会福利事业产业化、市场化。过去,养老机构从生理需要、安全需要满足老年群体的需求,提供床位、一日三餐,保证老人能够吃得饱住得暖,政府负担相对减轻了,老人也知足,特别是五保老人,贫困老人和残疾老人,对养老服务的需求没有要求。近年来,随着物质生活水平的提高,老人不仅仅局限于吃得饱住得暖,对服务质量的要求越来越高,对精神方面的需求也日渐增加,养老机构若停止发展,止步不前,则很快被其它善于创新、服务质量更好的养老机构取代,失去市场竞争力,为了生存发展,养老机构如何提高服务品质、如何管理创新是养老机构管理层、决策层需要解决的问题。真正做到“老有所养、老有所医、老有所用、老有所乐、老有所教”绝非易事,罗马非一日建成,提升养老机构服务质量仍有很长的路要走。本人通过对养老机构的深入了解和调查,仅从个人角度浅析对如何提高养老服务质量的思考,并从以下六个方面阐述自己的观点。
[Abstract]:The World Health Organization has different definitions of the age of the elderly in developed countries and developing countries. In developed countries, the age of the elderly over 65 is defined as the elderly. In developing countries, the age of the elderly is divided into 60 years. Article 2 of Chapter I of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that the term "elderly" refers to those over 60 years of age. Citizens, by the end of 2013, the number of people over 60 years old has reached 20.2 billion, accounting for 14.9% of China's total population. In 2015, some disabled and completely disabled elderly people in urban and rural areas will be around 40 million. The total population of Italy, France, Britain and Japan will reach 38.6% by 2050. At present, China has the largest number of elderly people in the world. Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council, reiterated his support for the development of old-age care in a report on the work of the government on March 5, 2014. Li Keqiang pointed out that China should expand service consumption, support social forces to set up various kinds of service institutions, and focus on the development of old-age care services. For a long time, the mode of providing for the aged implemented in our country is mainly family pension, that is, parents support their children and children support their parents. This mode is the most primitive and simplest, and economic transfer occurs between generations. The structure gradually tends to be "4-2-1" structure, that is, there are generally four parents and one child in the only-child family with a married child. The only child should assume the responsibility and obligation of raising children and supporting the elderly. Because most of the children have to work to support the family, their economic and spiritual pressures multiply, many people can not take care of work and work. Family, empty nest elderly increase, family pension function gradually weakened, in this case, gave birth to the establishment of pension institutions, catalyzed the development of pension institutions, pension demand is increasing. At present, rapid economic development, rising living standards, young and middle-aged generation is facing tremendous pressure of work and life, often unable to take care of the family. In order to solve the problem that the elderly can not be taken care of by their family members, the old people's pension is breaking through the traditional family pension model and gradually forming a family pension, community pension and institutional pension service system which complement each other. The state urgently needs private capital, social forces to enter the pension service industry, large-scale development of social pension service institutions, the realization of pension marketization, industrialization, in order to meet the main problems of the pension service market in short supply. In the process of marketization and industrialization, the state has changed the previous "one public to the end" mode of hospital management, and "one public to the end" means public, public, public, public, and only the government as the main body of operation. Now the state activates the stock, transforms the main body of operation from the government to the market, and pushes the social welfare institutions into the market through restructuring, leasing, contracting and other means. The state encourages private capital and social forces to pour into the field of social welfare, and promotes the industrialization and marketization of social welfare undertakings with various preferential policies and supportive funds. In recent years, with the improvement of material living standards, the elderly are not only confined to eating and living warmly, but also to service. The demand for quality is getting higher and higher, and the demand for spiritual aspects is also increasing. If the old-age institutions stop developing and stagnate, they will soon be replaced by other old-age institutions which are good at innovation and better service quality, and lose their competitiveness in the market. In order to survive and develop, how to improve the service quality of the old-age institutions and how to manage innovation are the management of the old-age institutions. It is not easy to achieve the goal of "providing for the aged, providing medical care for the aged, providing useful, enjoying and teaching for the aged". Rome was not built in a day, and there is still a long way to go to improve the service quality of pension institutions. Thinking about the quality of service for the aged, and expound the following six aspects.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D669.6
本文编号：2231849
[Abstract]:The World Health Organization has different definitions of the age of the elderly in developed countries and developing countries. In developed countries, the age of the elderly over 65 is defined as the elderly. In developing countries, the age of the elderly is divided into 60 years. Article 2 of Chapter I of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that the term "elderly" refers to those over 60 years of age. Citizens, by the end of 2013, the number of people over 60 years old has reached 20.2 billion, accounting for 14.9% of China's total population. In 2015, some disabled and completely disabled elderly people in urban and rural areas will be around 40 million. The total population of Italy, France, Britain and Japan will reach 38.6% by 2050. At present, China has the largest number of elderly people in the world. Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council, reiterated his support for the development of old-age care in a report on the work of the government on March 5, 2014. Li Keqiang pointed out that China should expand service consumption, support social forces to set up various kinds of service institutions, and focus on the development of old-age care services. For a long time, the mode of providing for the aged implemented in our country is mainly family pension, that is, parents support their children and children support their parents. This mode is the most primitive and simplest, and economic transfer occurs between generations. The structure gradually tends to be "4-2-1" structure, that is, there are generally four parents and one child in the only-child family with a married child. The only child should assume the responsibility and obligation of raising children and supporting the elderly. Because most of the children have to work to support the family, their economic and spiritual pressures multiply, many people can not take care of work and work. Family, empty nest elderly increase, family pension function gradually weakened, in this case, gave birth to the establishment of pension institutions, catalyzed the development of pension institutions, pension demand is increasing. At present, rapid economic development, rising living standards, young and middle-aged generation is facing tremendous pressure of work and life, often unable to take care of the family. In order to solve the problem that the elderly can not be taken care of by their family members, the old people's pension is breaking through the traditional family pension model and gradually forming a family pension, community pension and institutional pension service system which complement each other. The state urgently needs private capital, social forces to enter the pension service industry, large-scale development of social pension service institutions, the realization of pension marketization, industrialization, in order to meet the main problems of the pension service market in short supply. In the process of marketization and industrialization, the state has changed the previous "one public to the end" mode of hospital management, and "one public to the end" means public, public, public, public, and only the government as the main body of operation. Now the state activates the stock, transforms the main body of operation from the government to the market, and pushes the social welfare institutions into the market through restructuring, leasing, contracting and other means. The state encourages private capital and social forces to pour into the field of social welfare, and promotes the industrialization and marketization of social welfare undertakings with various preferential policies and supportive funds. In recent years, with the improvement of material living standards, the elderly are not only confined to eating and living warmly, but also to service. The demand for quality is getting higher and higher, and the demand for spiritual aspects is also increasing. If the old-age institutions stop developing and stagnate, they will soon be replaced by other old-age institutions which are good at innovation and better service quality, and lose their competitiveness in the market. In order to survive and develop, how to improve the service quality of the old-age institutions and how to manage innovation are the management of the old-age institutions. It is not easy to achieve the goal of "providing for the aged, providing medical care for the aged, providing useful, enjoying and teaching for the aged". Rome was not built in a day, and there is still a long way to go to improve the service quality of pension institutions. Thinking about the quality of service for the aged, and expound the following six aspects.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D669.6
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