1965年以来美国的墨西哥非法移民屡禁不止的原因分析

发布时间：2018-09-09 11:01

【摘要】：众所周知,美国是由众多外来移民和后裔组成的国家,其建国、国家发展与外来移民密切相关。建国以来美国政府不断探索适合本国国情的移民政策,从满足本国建设出发,美国政府总体上对外来移民持欢迎态度。1882年美国国会颁布了《排华法案》,它标志着美国自由移民政策时期的终结,宣告了限制性移民政策的开始。20世纪20年代,移民限额法的确立致使非法移民问题开始出现。随着美国限制性移民政策的演变,非法移民问题不断发展。时至20世纪80年代,非法移民问题越演越烈,美国政府开始重视这一问题。在美国的非法移民群体构成中,墨西哥非法移民所占比例最大。虽然墨西哥非法移民对美国的发展做出了一定的贡献,但是它产生的负面影响扰乱了美国社会的正常秩序。出于保护国家利益的实用性考虑,美国联邦政府先后颁布了《1986年移民改革与控制法》和《1996年非法移民改革与移民责任法》两部针对性的法律,遏制以墨西哥非法移民为主的非法移民发展趋势。尽管联邦政府采取了更为严厉的措施,但墨西哥非法移民依然难以得到控制。作为长期困扰美国社会的难题,墨西哥非法移民问题值得深入探讨。本文第一部分从解析美国非法移民的概念入手,紧接着回顾了墨西哥非法移民三次“北上”美国的历史轨迹。第二部分分析了美国方面的“拉动力”因素。其中,美国劳务市场需求是墨西哥非法移民产生的根源。此外,1965年以来美国实施的限制性移民政策、边境管理的漏洞、国内执法的不当之处也是造成墨西哥非法移民屡禁不止的原因。第三部分章论述了墨西哥方面的“推动力”因素。墨西哥落后的经济与人口膨胀压力、鼓励性的移民政策、北美自由贸易区市场作用促成了本国移民的“推力”。第四部研究了非法移民的社会催化因素。移民网络的存在、人口走私组织等因素使美国的墨西哥非法移民难以得到有效控制。最后笔者得出结论,在美墨双方及社会因素的作用下,墨西哥非法移民只有可能暂时受到抑制。想要解决墨西哥非法移民问题,美国和墨西哥双方都应做出努力,但同时也必须看到杜绝美国的墨西哥非法移民任重而道远,不可能在短期内得到彻底解决。
[Abstract]:As we all know, the United States is composed of many immigrants and descendants, its national development and immigration are closely related. Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, the US government has continuously explored immigration policies suited to its own national conditions, starting from satisfying its own country's construction. The United States Government generally welcomed immigrants. In 1882, the United States Congress enacted the Chinese exclusion Act, which marked the end of the period of free immigration policy in the United States and declared the beginning of restrictive immigration policy in the 1920s. The establishment of the immigration quota law makes the problem of illegal immigration begin to appear. With the evolution of restrictive immigration policy in the United States, illegal immigration continues to develop. During the 1980 s, the problem of illegal immigration became more and more serious, and the American government began to attach importance to it. Mexico accounts for the largest proportion of illegal immigrants in the United States. Although Mexican illegal immigrants have contributed to the development of the United States, its negative effects have disturbed the normal order of American society. In view of the practicability of protecting national interests, the United States Federal Government successively promulgated two targeted laws, the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act and the 1996 illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration liability Act. To curb the development trend of illegal immigrants mainly in Mexico. In spite of tougher federal measures, illegal immigration in Mexico remains difficult to control. As a problem that has plagued American society for a long time, the problem of illegal immigrants in Mexico deserves to be discussed in depth. The first part of this paper begins with the analysis of the concept of American illegal immigrants, and then reviews the historical track of three "northward" American illegal immigrants from Mexico. The second part analyzes the American "pull power" factors. Among them, the demand of American labor market is the root of Mexican illegal immigration. In addition, the restrictive immigration policy, the loopholes in border management and the improper domestic law enforcement in the United States since 1965 also contributed to the repeated prohibition of illegal immigrants in Mexico. The third chapter discusses the "driving force" factors in Mexico. Mexico's backward economy and population expansion pressure, encouraging immigration policies, the North American Free Trade area market role contributed to the "push" of the country's migrants. The fourth part studies the social catalytic factors of illegal immigration. The existence of immigration networks and human smuggling organizations make it difficult to effectively control the illegal immigrants of Mexico in the United States. Finally, the author concludes that under the influence of American and Mexican social factors, Mexican illegal immigrants can only be temporarily restrained. Both the United States and Mexico should make efforts to solve the problem of illegal immigrants in Mexico, but it must also see that eliminating illegal immigrants from Mexico in the United States has a long way to go and cannot be solved completely in the short term.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D523.8;D871.2

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