十九世纪中后期欧洲主要国家间关系的变化与第二国际的变迁

发布时间：2018-10-12 20:45

【摘要】：19世纪中后期,随着工业革命的发展,西欧无产阶级也跟着成长发展起来,并展开了轰轰烈烈的反对资产阶级的运动。与此同时,随着自由资本主义逐步向垄断资本主义过渡,西欧主要国家间关系也发生了变化,这种状况给国际共产主义运动带来了许多不确定的因素。按照马克思恩格斯当年的理论预设,随着资本主义的不断发展,必将激化资产阶级和无产阶级之间的矛盾。而资本主义的对外扩张,则使全球卷入了资本主义体系,这就使“工人阶级无祖国”,并促使“全世界无产者联合起来”反对资本主义。因此,在马克思恩格斯看来,19世纪中后期国际共产主义运动应该呈现两个突出的特点:一是全世界无产阶级联合起来反对资产阶级;二是通过暴力革命推翻资产阶级政权。然而,在19世纪中后期的西欧,随着主要国家间关系的变化,国际共产主义运动并没有按照当年马克思恩格斯的理论预设前进,而是出现了与之相反的情况,这首先表现在工人阶级淡化了用革命手段推翻现行体制的做法,转而采取议会斗争的和平方式;其次是工人阶级和资产阶级这两个不可调和的阶级可以为了民族国家的利益而站在一起。19世纪中后期国家间关系的变化是多方面的,它主要包括以下几方面:一是欧洲主要国家完成了统一,大国敌对关系逐步升温;二是欧洲均势格局逐步打破,欧洲国际体系呈过渡特征;三是欧洲主要国家在联合的基础上形成了两大军事同盟。可以看出,19世纪中后期,在西欧主要国家完成统一的基础上,同时也加剧了各国政治经济发展的不平衡,相互之间的矛盾也越来越尖锐,在各种错杂的国际关系及国家间关系的相互作用下,引起了阶级关系、资产阶级统治策略及国际关系的变化。当第一次世界大战发生时,民族主义战胜了国际主义,最终导致第二国际背离了社会主义信念,放弃了国际主义的原则。由此也导致了第二国际的解体。
[Abstract]:In the middle and late 19th century, with the development of the industrial revolution, the Western European proletariat also grew and developed, and launched a vigorous campaign against the bourgeoisie. At the same time, with the gradual transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism, the relations among the major countries in Western Europe have also changed, which has brought many uncertain factors to the international communist movement. According to the theoretical presupposition of Marx and Engels, with the development of capitalism, the contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat will be intensified. The external expansion of capitalism involved the whole world in the capitalist system, which made the working class have no motherland and urged "the world proletariat to unite" against capitalism. Therefore, according to Marx and Engels, the international communist movement in the middle and late 19th century should have two outstanding characteristics: first, the proletariat of the whole world unite against the bourgeoisie; second, overthrow the bourgeois regime through violent revolution. However, in Western Europe in the middle and late 19th century, with the changes in relations between major countries, the international communist movement did not advance in accordance with the presupposition of Marx and Engels' theory, but instead appeared the opposite situation. First, the working class downplayed the practice of overthrowing the existing system by revolutionary means, and instead adopted the peaceful way of parliamentary struggle; Secondly, the two irreconcilable classes, the working class and the bourgeoisie, can stand together for the benefit of the nation-state. It mainly includes the following aspects: first, the major European countries have completed reunification, and the hostile relations between the major powers have gradually increased; second, the European balance of power has been gradually broken, and the European international system is characterized by a transition. Third, major European countries formed two major military alliances on the basis of unity. It can be seen that in the middle and late 19th century, on the basis of the unification of the major Western European countries, the imbalance in the political and economic development of various countries was aggravated, and the contradictions between them became more and more acute. Under the interaction of various complicated international relations and inter-state relations, class relations, bourgeois domination strategies and international relations have changed. When World War I broke out, nationalism defeated internationalism, which led the second International to deviate from socialist belief and give up the principle of internationalism. This also led to the disintegration of the second International.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D14;D85

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