中美在东南亚的“权力转移”现状及中国提升软权力的路径分析
发布时间：2018-11-24 14:50
【摘要】：二战后的70年里,世界格局风云变化,新兴大国呈现崛起之势,而国家权力要素的内涵也在不断丰富。世界性大国开始从专注于军事、经济等"硬实力"的状态,逐步转向了对其"软权力"方面的建设。同时,中国以其快速崛起之势在东南亚和美国开始了权力转移的可能。本文在此背景下,着力探究中美在东南亚地区的权力转移现状,并进一步探求中国和平崛起之道。本文首先从硬实力和软权力两方面探究了中美在东南亚权力转移的现状。在硬实力方面笔者主要对比了中美两国在东南亚的军事硬实力和经济硬实力。和美国相比,当前中国在东南亚的军事布局较晚,军事合作范围受到美国挤压,发展空间较小,因此军事硬实力的转移并没有明显发生。而从经济来看,中国在多边合作领域的中国—东盟自贸区是中国在东南亚地区辐射经济硬实力的重大成功举措,但是要挑战美国在东南亚地区经济布局的先发优势、总量优势和精耕细作多年的双边经济合作还需要更深刻的经济合作作为保障。在软权力方面,笔者主要探究了以下五个领域。首先,在文化软权力方面,中国的传统文化影响力远超美国,但在流行文化方面和文化辐射途径的多元化和有效性上,中国较美国而言还有很大的差距。第二,在非政府组织对软权力的传播而言,美国的非政府组织通过教育援助输出美式文化、通过选举监督扩展美式民主,通过舆论引导传播美式自由,而中国还没有能与之抗衡的非政府组织。第三,在区域制度塑造能力的对比中可以看出,美国通过双边和多边的领域牢牢掌控着地区政治、安全、文化和经济格局的主导权;而中国除了在东南亚多边经济体制制定中已有不俗成就外,其他领域还远未拥有和掌握东盟地区制度创设的绝对话语权。第四,从政治体制与社会治理模式的影响力来说,中国和东南亚国家同属发展中国家,发展目标和社会问题共性较多,因此中国模式对其适用性较大;而美国多年来在东南亚"软硬兼施"推广多党选举制度,目前已卓有成效地帮助七个国家强化了民主制度,建立了多党制。第五,非传统安全领域的布局来看,中国主要参与东盟构建的非传统安全领域的合作,但此类合作受到传统安全因素的影响,因此其实施效果极其有限;而美国凭借其军事硬实力几乎主导了东南亚非安全领域的实际操作。因此,从软权力的权力转移现状分析中可知,中国当前软权力水平还较弱,因此,在东南亚地区的中美软权力转移可能还处于较为初步的状态。当前,和平与发展成为时代主题,软权力的竞争成为国际趋势,中国在东南亚乃至世界范围内探求和平崛起,必然要寻求软权力的提升方法,因此文章随后分析了中国在东南亚提升软权力时遇到的问题。第一,中国软权力的顶层设计不够且缺乏配套的实施保障;第二,软权力辐射层次单一,非政府组织的发展还有待提高;第三,当前价值传播仅依靠政府外宣,过于单一、僵化;第四,缺乏将硬实力向软权力转化的机制;第五,中国在软权力发展的过程中还面临美国的阻碍和东南亚的防备这两个客观问题。最后,笔者就中国在软权力提升路径上提出了一些建议。首先,要把软权力提升到战略高度,加强顶层设计能力;第二,培育和引导中国的非政府组织,建立多层次的软权力建构途径;第三,建立多样性和多元化的软权力辐射渠道;第四,完善硬实力向软权力的转换机制;第五,中国应当充分重视海外华人在文化传播、外交和经济领域发挥的作用。
[Abstract]:In the 70-year period after World War II, the change of the world's pattern and the emergence of the emerging powers, and the connotation of the national power elements are also enriching. The world power has gradually turned to the construction of its soft power from the state of hard power, which is focused on the military, the economy and so on. At the same time, China has started its power transfer in South-East Asia and the United States with its fast-rising potential. This paper, under this background, focuses on the current situation of the transfer of power in the middle and the south of Southeast Asia, and further explores the way of China's peaceful rise. In this paper, the present situation of power transfer in Southeast Asia is explored from the aspects of hard power and soft power. In the hard power, the author compares the military strength and economic strength of the two countries in Southeast Asia. Compared with the United States, the current China's military layout in South-East Asia is relatively late, the scope of military cooperation is squeezed by the United States, and the development space is small, so the transfer of military hard power is not obvious. From the economic point of view, China's ASEAN Free Trade Zone in the field of multilateral cooperation is a major success measure of China's economic and hard power in Southeast Asia, but it is to challenge the first advantage of the U.S. economic layout in Southeast Asia, The multi-year bilateral economic cooperation with the advantages of the total quantity and the fine cultivation also requires more profound economic cooperation as a guarantee. In the area of soft power, the author mainly explores the following five areas. First, in terms of the soft power of culture, China's traditional cultural influence is far superior to that of the United States, but in the diversity and the effectiveness of the popular culture and the cultural radiation, China has a great gap to the United States. Second, in the case of non-governmental organizations for the dissemination of soft power, the United States' non-governmental organization, through educational assistance, has an American culture that extends American democracy through electoral supervision, leading to the spread of American freedom through public opinion, while China has no non-governmental organization that can counter it. Thirdly, in the contrast of the ability of the regional system, it can be seen that the United States is firmly in the control of the dominant power of the political, security, cultural and economic structure of the region through bilateral and multilateral fields, and that, in addition to the non-common achievements in the formulation of the multilateral economic system in South-East Asia, The other areas are far from the absolute voice of the establishment of the ASEAN regional system. Fourth, from the influence of the political system and the social governance model, China and the Southeast Asian countries are both developing countries, the development goals and the social problems are more common, so the Chinese model has a large applicability; and the United States has been promoting the multi-party electoral system in the "soft and hard" of Southeast Asia for many years, It has effectively helped seven countries to strengthen the democratic system and set up a multi-party system. Fifth, in the non-traditional security area, China is mainly engaged in the cooperation of the non-traditional security area of the ASEAN, but such cooperation is affected by the traditional security factors, so its implementation effect is extremely limited; The United States, with its military hard power, has almost led to the practical operation of the non-security area in South-East Asia. Therefore, from the current analysis of the power transfer of soft power, the current soft power level in China is still weak, so the soft power transfer in Southeast Asia may still be in a more preliminary state. At present, peace and development have become the theme of the times, the competition of soft power becomes an international trend, and China's search for peaceful rise in Southeast Asia and even the world is bound to seek the lifting method of soft power, so the article analyses the problems that China has encountered in the promotion of soft power in Southeast Asia. First, the top-level design of China's soft power is not enough and lacks a supporting implementation guarantee; secondly, the level of soft power radiation is single, and the development of non-governmental organizations is still to be improved; and thirdly, the current value dissemination only depends on the government's external publicity, too single and rigid; and fourthly, The lack of the mechanism of the transformation of the hard power to the soft power; and, in the process of the development of the soft power, China also faces the two objective problems of the United States and the protection against South-East Asia. In the end, the author put forward some suggestions on China's path of soft power. First, to increase the soft power to the strategic height and strengthen the top-level design capacity; secondly, to cultivate and guide the non-governmental organizations in China, to set up a multi-level soft power construction approach; and thirdly, to establish a diversified and diversified soft power radiation channel; and fourth, Fifth, China should give full attention to the role of overseas Chinese in the field of cultural communication, diplomacy and economy.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D871.2;D822
本文编号：2354135
[Abstract]:In the 70-year period after World War II, the change of the world's pattern and the emergence of the emerging powers, and the connotation of the national power elements are also enriching. The world power has gradually turned to the construction of its soft power from the state of hard power, which is focused on the military, the economy and so on. At the same time, China has started its power transfer in South-East Asia and the United States with its fast-rising potential. This paper, under this background, focuses on the current situation of the transfer of power in the middle and the south of Southeast Asia, and further explores the way of China's peaceful rise. In this paper, the present situation of power transfer in Southeast Asia is explored from the aspects of hard power and soft power. In the hard power, the author compares the military strength and economic strength of the two countries in Southeast Asia. Compared with the United States, the current China's military layout in South-East Asia is relatively late, the scope of military cooperation is squeezed by the United States, and the development space is small, so the transfer of military hard power is not obvious. From the economic point of view, China's ASEAN Free Trade Zone in the field of multilateral cooperation is a major success measure of China's economic and hard power in Southeast Asia, but it is to challenge the first advantage of the U.S. economic layout in Southeast Asia, The multi-year bilateral economic cooperation with the advantages of the total quantity and the fine cultivation also requires more profound economic cooperation as a guarantee. In the area of soft power, the author mainly explores the following five areas. First, in terms of the soft power of culture, China's traditional cultural influence is far superior to that of the United States, but in the diversity and the effectiveness of the popular culture and the cultural radiation, China has a great gap to the United States. Second, in the case of non-governmental organizations for the dissemination of soft power, the United States' non-governmental organization, through educational assistance, has an American culture that extends American democracy through electoral supervision, leading to the spread of American freedom through public opinion, while China has no non-governmental organization that can counter it. Thirdly, in the contrast of the ability of the regional system, it can be seen that the United States is firmly in the control of the dominant power of the political, security, cultural and economic structure of the region through bilateral and multilateral fields, and that, in addition to the non-common achievements in the formulation of the multilateral economic system in South-East Asia, The other areas are far from the absolute voice of the establishment of the ASEAN regional system. Fourth, from the influence of the political system and the social governance model, China and the Southeast Asian countries are both developing countries, the development goals and the social problems are more common, so the Chinese model has a large applicability; and the United States has been promoting the multi-party electoral system in the "soft and hard" of Southeast Asia for many years, It has effectively helped seven countries to strengthen the democratic system and set up a multi-party system. Fifth, in the non-traditional security area, China is mainly engaged in the cooperation of the non-traditional security area of the ASEAN, but such cooperation is affected by the traditional security factors, so its implementation effect is extremely limited; The United States, with its military hard power, has almost led to the practical operation of the non-security area in South-East Asia. Therefore, from the current analysis of the power transfer of soft power, the current soft power level in China is still weak, so the soft power transfer in Southeast Asia may still be in a more preliminary state. At present, peace and development have become the theme of the times, the competition of soft power becomes an international trend, and China's search for peaceful rise in Southeast Asia and even the world is bound to seek the lifting method of soft power, so the article analyses the problems that China has encountered in the promotion of soft power in Southeast Asia. First, the top-level design of China's soft power is not enough and lacks a supporting implementation guarantee; secondly, the level of soft power radiation is single, and the development of non-governmental organizations is still to be improved; and thirdly, the current value dissemination only depends on the government's external publicity, too single and rigid; and fourthly, The lack of the mechanism of the transformation of the hard power to the soft power; and, in the process of the development of the soft power, China also faces the two objective problems of the United States and the protection against South-East Asia. In the end, the author put forward some suggestions on China's path of soft power. First, to increase the soft power to the strategic height and strengthen the top-level design capacity; secondly, to cultivate and guide the non-governmental organizations in China, to set up a multi-level soft power construction approach; and thirdly, to establish a diversified and diversified soft power radiation channel; and fourth, Fifth, China should give full attention to the role of overseas Chinese in the field of cultural communication, diplomacy and economy.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D871.2;D822
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