欧盟介入伊核问题研究
发布时间：2019-01-29 03:37
【摘要】：冷战结束后,欧盟愈发重视核扩散问题,不断发展、完善致力于防止核扩散的核政策。伊核问题可能引起中东地区大规模的核扩散,美国、以色列扬言要通过军事手段打击伊朗核设施,严重威胁到了欧盟的安全秩序、能源安全和经济利益。此外,欧盟谋求在国际社会中扮演重要角色,向世界展示自己在重大国际事务中的影响力。在多种因素的共同推动下,欧盟开始介入伊核问题。欧盟介入伊核问题的目标有两个:将伊朗阻止在核门槛之外,决不允许伊朗拥有核武器;避免美、以两国对伊朗动武,和平解决这一国际危机。2003年10月,英、法、德三国外长代表欧盟,联袂访问德黑兰,希望能够通过外交谈判与伊朗在核问题上达成一致,E3机制由此诞生。之后欧盟高级代表加入进来,E3机制发展成为E3/EU机制。在E3/EU机制下,欧盟采取接触政策介入伊核问题,希望通过经济合作换取伊朗的妥协。在E3/EU机制下,伊朗暂时中断了国内的铀浓缩活动,欧盟的介入取得了一定成果。2005年,随着内贾德上台,伊朗立场趋于强硬,重启国内铀浓缩活动,欧盟的接触政策宣告失败。为了应对再次升温的伊核问题,欧盟三国与中、美、俄三国建立了 P5+1机制,磋商应对方案并且在2006年7月,六国一致同意将伊核问题提交到联合国。在P5+1机制下,欧盟的政策开始调整为"双轨政策",希望通过制裁+外交谈判的手段迫使伊朗调整核政策。2011年,IAEA发布报告,暗示伊朗核计划包含核爆炸装置研究,伊朗拥核风险大增,欧盟对伊朗实施了严厉的经济制裁,针对性极强的瞄准伊朗能源出口,伊朗经济遭受了沉重打击。2013年,鲁哈尼上台执政,寻求与西方国家改善关系,主动与六国进行核问题谈判。经过多轮艰苦协商,最终在2015年7月各方达成了全面核协议,伊朗大幅削弱核能力,保留有限的铀浓缩权利进行民用技术研究,美、欧将根据伊朗执行核协议的具体情况逐步停止与伊核问题相关的制裁措施。在介入伊核问题的过程中,欧盟最重要的角色是调停者,始终强调通过外交谈判的方式,和平解决伊核问题。欧盟的介入证明了外交手段和接触政策的作用,影响了美国的立场。奥巴马上台后,改变了之前的不接触政策,参与到与伊朗协商的谈判中;同时,欧盟的制裁推动了伊朗政局的变化,促成了伊朗温和派领导人鲁哈尼上台。通过对美、伊两国立场的影响,欧盟直接推动了伊核问题的进程。全面核协议的达成为维护国际核不扩散体系开辟了一条新途径,欧盟展现出了"老欧洲""的底蕴,彰显了参与重大国际问题、领导国际事务的能力。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the Cold War, the EU has paid more and more attention to the issue of nuclear proliferation and improved its nuclear policy aimed at preventing nuclear proliferation. The Iranian nuclear issue may lead to large-scale nuclear proliferation in the Middle East. The United States and Israel have threatened to strike Iran's nuclear facilities through military means, seriously threatening the security order, energy security and economic interests of the European Union. Moreover, the EU seeks to play an important role in the international community and to show the world its influence in major international affairs. Under the joint promotion of various factors, the EU began to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue. There are two objectives for the EU to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue: to prevent Iran from being outside the nuclear threshold and not to allow Iran to possess nuclear weapons; In October 2003, the foreign ministers of Britain, France and Germany, on behalf of the EU, jointly visited Tehran, hoping to reach an agreement on the nuclear issue with Iran through diplomatic negotiations. Thus, the E3 mechanism was born. Later, the EU senior representative joined in, and the E3 mechanism developed into the E3/EU mechanism. Under the E3/EU regime, the EU has adopted a policy of engagement to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue in the hope of economic cooperation in exchange for Iran's compromise. Under the E3/EU regime, Iran temporarily suspended its domestic uranium enrichment activities, and the European Union's intervention achieved some results. In 2005, with Ahmadinejad taking power, Iran's stance became more hawkish and domestic uranium enrichment activities resumed. The EU's engagement policy failed. In order to deal with the rising Iranian nuclear issue, the EU three countries, China, the United States, and Russia established the P51 mechanism to negotiate a response plan. In July 2006, the six countries unanimously agreed to submit the Iranian nuclear issue to the United Nations. Under the P51 mechanism, EU policy began to adjust to a "two-track policy," hoping to force Iran to adjust its nuclear policy through sanctions diplomatic negotiations. In 2011, the IAEA released a report suggesting that Iran's nuclear program included a study of nuclear explosive devices. Iran's economy has been hit hard by severe economic sanctions imposed by the European Union on Iran's nuclear holdings and highly targeted energy exports. In 2013, Rouhani came to power seeking to improve relations with Western countries. To initiate negotiations with the six countries on the nuclear issue. After many rounds of arduous negotiations, the parties finally reached a comprehensive nuclear agreement in July 2015. Iran significantly weakened its nuclear capability and reserved the limited right to enrich uranium for civilian technical research. The United States, The EU will phase out sanctions related to the Iranian nuclear issue in accordance with Iran's implementation of the nuclear agreement. In the process of intervening in the Iranian nuclear issue, the most important role of the EU is the mediator, which always emphasizes the peaceful settlement of the Iranian nuclear issue through diplomatic negotiation. The EU's intervention demonstrated the role of diplomacy and engagement policy and influenced the US position. Since taking office, Obama has changed his previous policy of non-engagement and engaged in negotiations with Iran. Meanwhile, EU sanctions have helped change the political situation in Iran, bringing Iran's moderate leader, Rouhani, to power. The EU has directly pushed forward the Iranian nuclear issue through the influence of the US and Iran's positions. The conclusion of a comprehensive nuclear agreement has opened a new way to safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime. The EU has displayed the "old Europe" and demonstrated its ability to participate in major international issues and to lead international affairs.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D815.2;D814.1
本文编号：2417602
[Abstract]:Since the end of the Cold War, the EU has paid more and more attention to the issue of nuclear proliferation and improved its nuclear policy aimed at preventing nuclear proliferation. The Iranian nuclear issue may lead to large-scale nuclear proliferation in the Middle East. The United States and Israel have threatened to strike Iran's nuclear facilities through military means, seriously threatening the security order, energy security and economic interests of the European Union. Moreover, the EU seeks to play an important role in the international community and to show the world its influence in major international affairs. Under the joint promotion of various factors, the EU began to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue. There are two objectives for the EU to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue: to prevent Iran from being outside the nuclear threshold and not to allow Iran to possess nuclear weapons; In October 2003, the foreign ministers of Britain, France and Germany, on behalf of the EU, jointly visited Tehran, hoping to reach an agreement on the nuclear issue with Iran through diplomatic negotiations. Thus, the E3 mechanism was born. Later, the EU senior representative joined in, and the E3 mechanism developed into the E3/EU mechanism. Under the E3/EU regime, the EU has adopted a policy of engagement to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue in the hope of economic cooperation in exchange for Iran's compromise. Under the E3/EU regime, Iran temporarily suspended its domestic uranium enrichment activities, and the European Union's intervention achieved some results. In 2005, with Ahmadinejad taking power, Iran's stance became more hawkish and domestic uranium enrichment activities resumed. The EU's engagement policy failed. In order to deal with the rising Iranian nuclear issue, the EU three countries, China, the United States, and Russia established the P51 mechanism to negotiate a response plan. In July 2006, the six countries unanimously agreed to submit the Iranian nuclear issue to the United Nations. Under the P51 mechanism, EU policy began to adjust to a "two-track policy," hoping to force Iran to adjust its nuclear policy through sanctions diplomatic negotiations. In 2011, the IAEA released a report suggesting that Iran's nuclear program included a study of nuclear explosive devices. Iran's economy has been hit hard by severe economic sanctions imposed by the European Union on Iran's nuclear holdings and highly targeted energy exports. In 2013, Rouhani came to power seeking to improve relations with Western countries. To initiate negotiations with the six countries on the nuclear issue. After many rounds of arduous negotiations, the parties finally reached a comprehensive nuclear agreement in July 2015. Iran significantly weakened its nuclear capability and reserved the limited right to enrich uranium for civilian technical research. The United States, The EU will phase out sanctions related to the Iranian nuclear issue in accordance with Iran's implementation of the nuclear agreement. In the process of intervening in the Iranian nuclear issue, the most important role of the EU is the mediator, which always emphasizes the peaceful settlement of the Iranian nuclear issue through diplomatic negotiation. The EU's intervention demonstrated the role of diplomacy and engagement policy and influenced the US position. Since taking office, Obama has changed his previous policy of non-engagement and engaged in negotiations with Iran. Meanwhile, EU sanctions have helped change the political situation in Iran, bringing Iran's moderate leader, Rouhani, to power. The EU has directly pushed forward the Iranian nuclear issue through the influence of the US and Iran's positions. The conclusion of a comprehensive nuclear agreement has opened a new way to safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime. The EU has displayed the "old Europe" and demonstrated its ability to participate in major international issues and to lead international affairs.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D815.2;D814.1
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前2条
1 王雷;;伊核全面协议对中东秩序的冲击和影响[J];当代世界;2015年10期
2 华黎明;;伊朗核问题及其对大国关系的影响[J];和平与发展;2010年03期
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