“属州视县,直隶州视府”:明清州制新解

发布时间：2019-03-05 11:39

【摘要】：明清时期的州制问题,可从体国经野和设官分职这两个既有联系又有差异的角度分别加以探讨。清廷通过取消隶府而领县的属州,实现了地方行政区划层级的简化。《明史·职官志》“知州掌一州之政。凡州二,有属州,有直隶州。属州视县,直隶州视府,而品秩则同”的记载,藉州政之别反映了以两类知州为代表的官僚在权力运作上的内涵与空间差异。本文依靠雍正时期针对属州进行大规模调整留下的文献记录,为揭示上述志文真相提供新的解说。笔者认为,“属州视县,直隶州视府”指属州知州虽领有知县,但因尚隶于知府,故所掌州政主要面向本州亲领编户,从牧民之官的角度可视与知县相埒。而直隶州知州因径隶于布政使,故州政主要是对所领知县的巡查管辖,从牧官之官的角度当与知府相仿。这是志文详于府、县之政,却独略于州政的原因。《清史稿·职官志》所谓“属州视县,直隶州视府”,已与明代乃至清初州制有所不同。
[Abstract]:The problems of state system in Ming and Qing dynasties can be discussed from the angle of connection and difference between the government and the establishment of official posts. By abolishing the subordinate states of the county and leading the county, the Qing Dynasty realized the simplification of the local administrative division level. "the official Records of the Ming Dynasty" knew the state to be in charge of the administration of a state. Fan state two, belong to the state, there are Zhili state. It belongs to the state view county, Zhili state government, and the quality rank is the same "record, through the state administration difference reflects the two kinds of state as the representative bureaucrat in the power operation connotation and the space difference." This paper relies on the records of the large-scale adjustment of the prefectures in Yongzheng period to provide a new explanation for revealing the truth of the above-mentioned articles. The author thinks, "belongs to the state to look at the county, the Zhili prefecture" refers to belongs to the state Zhizhou has the knowledge county, but because it still belongs to the knowledge government, so the state administration of the state is mainly oriented toward the own prefecture, from the point of view of the officials of the herdsmen, it can be seen as the same as that of the knowing county. The Zhizhou of Zhili Prefecture is mainly responsible for the inspection of the county, and is similar to the Zhifu from the point of view of the officials of the pastoral officials, so the prefectural administration is mainly about the patrolling jurisdiction of the county under the control of the officials of the pastoral officials. This is the reason why Zhi Wendetailed in the government, county administration, but only in the state administration. The so-called "belongs to the state view county, Zhili Zhou government", has been different from the Ming Dynasty and even the early Qing Dynasty state system.
【作者单位】：中山大学历史学系;
【分类号】：D691

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