民国前期哈尔滨慈善救济事业研究
发布时间：2019-03-09 11:42
【摘要】：中华民国成立以后,政治制度与经济制度发生改变,慈善救济事业也因此进入一个崭新的发展阶段。民国前期,新开埠的哈尔滨作为新兴城市,近代工商业、教育事业得到快速发展,外国侨民的存在,带来了众多的宗教团体,也引入了西方文化,由此催生了新知识分子、工人及商人阶层,加之该时期哈尔滨自然灾害频仍、兵灾匪患不断、外省难民涌入、国外侨民众多,导致哈尔滨慈善救济事业发展。该时期哈尔滨慈善有团体数量多、救济组织结构合理、施救方式多等特点。哈尔滨救济事业有政府参与。民国政府为约束赈灾活动,制定了义仓管理、救灾资金管理等有效的规定;建立了官办慈善机构、防疫处,为应对灾民,建立了政府义仓,减小了灾害来临时的救援难度,对缓减灾难起到积极作用;但由于政府救济经费主要来源于政府拨款,所以政府救济往往有限。对于弱势群体,政府发展了贫、难民救济事业、妇婴孤老救济事业、贫困儿童教育事业、医疗防疫事业,甚至开展了贫民工厂进行工赈,这些措施既保障了弱势群体的基本生活需求,也对稳定社会起到了至关重要的作用。哈尔滨慈善事业有民间参与。民国初期的战乱及政治问题,导致政府救济不充分,这催生了众多民间慈善团体、宗教慈善团体及个人慈善。世界红十字会滨江分会进行人道救助,俄侨慈善团体的儿童会、救济会、保育院、孤儿院、收容所对俄侨及其他难民进行了救助,民间的慈善团体也发挥了一定的救助作用;哈尔滨众多宗教团体虽然带有殖民色彩,但是,为了传播宗教也进行了一些救助活动,这促进了医疗教育事业的发展,对中国早期慈善事业产生了一定的影响。哈尔滨慈善救济事业带来了一些作用与启示。民初哈尔滨慈善救济事业推动了慈善事业的近代化,提高了全民慈善救济意识,促进了社会的稳定和进步,对教育医疗等事业的发展起到了积极的作用。但是,民国前期哈尔滨慈善有一定的局限性,虽然政府制定了一些列措施、政策,但由于经费来源不足、慈善机构缺乏统一监督,导致慈善救济效果不显著,救助力度不强,民间、宗教、个人慈善在政府救济有限的情况下,会起到补充作用。在慈善救助中,政府需要提高慈善救济的工作地位,制定切实可靠的救济措施,明确救灾方针,并且建立起一个可监督慈善救济机构的组织,完备救济管理工作体系,充分发挥民间救援力量,可以弥补救济效率低下、救援力度不强的问题。
[Abstract]:After the founding of the Republic of China, the political system and economic system changed, so charity relief entered a new stage of development. In the early period of the Republic of China, Harbin, as a newly opened city, developed rapidly in modern industry and commerce, and the existence of foreign nationals brought many religious groups and introduced western culture, thus giving birth to new intellectuals. The class of workers and businessmen, together with the frequent natural disasters in Harbin during this period, the constant suffering of soldiers and bandits, the influx of refugees from other provinces and the large number of overseas Chinese, led to the development of charity relief in Harbin. During this period, Harbin charity has many characteristics, such as the number of groups, the reasonable structure of relief organizations, the rescue methods and so on. Harbin relief cause has the government participation. In order to restrain disaster relief activities, the government of the Republic of China has formulated effective regulations such as the management of benevolent warehouse and the management of disaster relief funds. Set up the government charity organization, epidemic prevention department, in order to deal with the victims, set up the government bunker, reduced the difficulty of rescue when the disaster came, and played a positive role in mitigating the disaster; But because the government relief funds mainly come from the government funds, so the government relief is often limited. For the disadvantaged groups, the government has developed poverty, refugee relief, maternal, infant, orphan and elderly relief, education for poor children, medical and epidemic prevention, and even carried out work relief in factories for the poor. These measures not only guarantee the basic living needs of vulnerable groups, but also play a vital role in stabilizing society. Harbin charity has private participation. The war and political problems in the early Republic of China led to inadequate government relief, which led to the emergence of a large number of non-governmental charities, religious charities and individual charities. The World Red Cross Binjiang Branch carries on the humanitarian assistance, the Russian overseas Chinese charity association, the relief society, the nursing home, the orphanage, the shelter carries on the aid to the Russian overseas Chinese and the other refugees, the non-governmental charity also has the certain relief function; Although many religious groups in Harbin have colonial color, but in order to spread religion, some relief activities have been carried out, which has promoted the development of medical education and has a certain impact on China's early philanthropy. Harbin charity relief cause has brought some function and enlightenment. At the beginning of the Republic of China, the charity relief in Harbin promoted the modernization of charity, raised the consciousness of charity relief, promoted the stability and progress of society, and played a positive role in the development of education and medicine. However, in the early period of the Republic of China, Harbin charity has certain limitations. Although the government has formulated a number of measures and policies, but due to insufficient funding sources and lack of unified supervision of charitable organizations, the effect of charity relief is not significant, and the strength of relief is not strong. Folk, religious, and personal philanthropy will complement the government's limited relief. In charitable relief, the government needs to improve the working status of charitable relief, formulate practical and reliable relief measures, clarify disaster relief policies, and establish an organization that can supervise charitable relief institutions, and complete relief management system. Give full play to the civilian rescue forces, can make up for the low efficiency of relief, rescue efforts are not strong problems.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D693.66
本文编号：2437417
[Abstract]:After the founding of the Republic of China, the political system and economic system changed, so charity relief entered a new stage of development. In the early period of the Republic of China, Harbin, as a newly opened city, developed rapidly in modern industry and commerce, and the existence of foreign nationals brought many religious groups and introduced western culture, thus giving birth to new intellectuals. The class of workers and businessmen, together with the frequent natural disasters in Harbin during this period, the constant suffering of soldiers and bandits, the influx of refugees from other provinces and the large number of overseas Chinese, led to the development of charity relief in Harbin. During this period, Harbin charity has many characteristics, such as the number of groups, the reasonable structure of relief organizations, the rescue methods and so on. Harbin relief cause has the government participation. In order to restrain disaster relief activities, the government of the Republic of China has formulated effective regulations such as the management of benevolent warehouse and the management of disaster relief funds. Set up the government charity organization, epidemic prevention department, in order to deal with the victims, set up the government bunker, reduced the difficulty of rescue when the disaster came, and played a positive role in mitigating the disaster; But because the government relief funds mainly come from the government funds, so the government relief is often limited. For the disadvantaged groups, the government has developed poverty, refugee relief, maternal, infant, orphan and elderly relief, education for poor children, medical and epidemic prevention, and even carried out work relief in factories for the poor. These measures not only guarantee the basic living needs of vulnerable groups, but also play a vital role in stabilizing society. Harbin charity has private participation. The war and political problems in the early Republic of China led to inadequate government relief, which led to the emergence of a large number of non-governmental charities, religious charities and individual charities. The World Red Cross Binjiang Branch carries on the humanitarian assistance, the Russian overseas Chinese charity association, the relief society, the nursing home, the orphanage, the shelter carries on the aid to the Russian overseas Chinese and the other refugees, the non-governmental charity also has the certain relief function; Although many religious groups in Harbin have colonial color, but in order to spread religion, some relief activities have been carried out, which has promoted the development of medical education and has a certain impact on China's early philanthropy. Harbin charity relief cause has brought some function and enlightenment. At the beginning of the Republic of China, the charity relief in Harbin promoted the modernization of charity, raised the consciousness of charity relief, promoted the stability and progress of society, and played a positive role in the development of education and medicine. However, in the early period of the Republic of China, Harbin charity has certain limitations. Although the government has formulated a number of measures and policies, but due to insufficient funding sources and lack of unified supervision of charitable organizations, the effect of charity relief is not significant, and the strength of relief is not strong. Folk, religious, and personal philanthropy will complement the government's limited relief. In charitable relief, the government needs to improve the working status of charitable relief, formulate practical and reliable relief measures, clarify disaster relief policies, and establish an organization that can supervise charitable relief institutions, and complete relief management system. Give full play to the civilian rescue forces, can make up for the low efficiency of relief, rescue efforts are not strong problems.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D693.66
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