鸦片贸易对中英关系的影响
发布时间：2019-03-18 19:34
【摘要】：近代以前,中国并无现代意义上的外交,在经济、政治和安全上与英国完全处于互不干涉的平等地位,但中英鸦片贸易之后,中英两国的关系发生变化,中国由独立的、在文化上占据统治地位的“天朝上国”,被资本主义的英国纳入其在亚洲的殖民统治的一环,双方的经济、政治、安全地位均有所改变。中英鸦片贸易使中国在经济上由贸易出超转变为极度贫乏而依赖英国贸易的状态,在政治上由平等自主转而受制于英国,在安全上则从独立安全变得赢弱而任人宰割。 本文将借助国际政治经济学当中的依附理论,探讨英国如何把中国纳入资本主义世界体系的殖民范畴、如何使中英关系由非依附关系变为依附关系。根据依附理论的首要理论假设,鸦片贸易后的中英关系符合“中心-外围”结构及其理论假设的三个内容,即：(1)国际体系中只存在唯一的资本主义世界市场。同时,由于“追逐利益是资本主义的本质”,对利润的追求刺激每个公司彼此竞争、进行积累、扩大生产规模,并到处搜寻掠夺廉价原材料和出售商品的机会。所以,扩大市场是这个结构的“中心”的固有倾向；(2)在发达的中心区和不发达的边缘区存在着不等价交换关系,即剥削与被剥削关系。资本主义世界市场的中心国家在自由竞争、扩张市场的过程中,遵循的经济政策是“对殖民地的征服以及为宗主国的利益打开受保护的工业,摧毁殖民地的手工业”,或在垄断时期“开发剩余价值率高于中心国家的新地区,减少劳动力成本和不变成本”。这样,边缘区便容易形成对中心区严重的商业依附、金融依附和技术依附,失去社会传统的功能,以中心国家向其所出售的商品为市场需求,即便有部分发展,也属于畸形和有限的发展,同时,还导致群众普遍贫穷；(3)存在一个比较牢固的二元社会结构,其中包括国际经济中强盛的国家与贫穷落后的国家并存、一国体系内上层人物和劳苦大众并存等,而且这种二元对立存在扩大趋势。 对于大英帝国来说,鸦片曾意味着源源不断的财富和政治特权。对于清政府时期的中国来说,鸦片意味着屈辱及荒谬的不平等历史,以及经济政治上的双重损失,但同时它也将中国拉进全球体系,为中国的近代化历程掀开序幕。中英关系的改变是必然的。这是历史的选择,也是近代化的代价。研究中英鸦片贸易对中英关系的重塑,对于我们认识历史、了解资本主义发展路径,理解中国的传统文化思维,具有重要作用。
[Abstract]:Before modern times, China did not have diplomacy in the modern sense, and it was on an equal footing with Britain in terms of economy, politics and security. However, after the opium trade between China and Britain, the relationship between China and Britain changed, and China was independent. The cultural supremacy of China was incorporated into the colonial rule of Asia by capitalist Britain, and the economic, political and security status of both sides changed. The Sino-British opium trade has transformed China's economy from a trade overrun to an extremely poor state of dependence on British trade, a political shift from equal autonomy to being subject to the United Kingdom, and a security transition from independent security to weak and subdued by others. With the aid of the dependency theory in international political economics, this paper discusses how Britain brought China into the colonial category of capitalist world system and how to make Sino-British relations change from non-dependency to dependency. According to the primary theoretical hypothesis of dependence theory, the Sino-British relations after opium trade accord with the three contents of the "center-periphery" structure and its theoretical hypothesis, that is: (1) there is only one capitalist world market in the international system. At the same time, because "pursuing interests is the essence of capitalism", the pursuit of profits stimulates each company to compete with each other, accumulate, expand production, and search everywhere for opportunities to plunder cheap raw materials and sell goods. Therefore, expanding the market is the inherent tendency of the "center" of this structure; (2) there is an unequal exchange relationship between the developed central area and the underdeveloped marginal zone, that is, the relationship between exploitation and exploitation. In the process of free competition and expansion of the market, the central countries of the capitalist world market followed the economic policy of "conquering colonies and opening up protected industries for the benefit of sovereign states and destroying colonial handicrafts". Or in the monopoly period, "developing a new area with a higher rate of surplus value than that of the central country, reducing labor costs and constant costs". In this way, the fringes tend to form serious commercial, financial and technological dependencies on the central areas, losing their traditional social functions, and market demand for the goods sold to them by the central country, even if partially developed. It also belongs to deformities and limited development, at the same time, it also leads to widespread poverty among the masses; (3) there exists a relatively strong dual social structure, which includes the coexistence of the strong and prosperous countries in the international economy and the poor and backward countries, the coexistence of the upper-class figures and the working masses in the system of a country, and the trend of expansion of this dualistic opposition. For the British Empire, opium meant a constant stream of wealth and political privilege. Opium meant humiliating and absurd history of inequality as well as economic and political double losses for China during the Qing Dynasty, but it also brought China into the global system and opened the prelude to China's modernization. The change in Sino-British relations is inevitable. This is the choice of history, but also the price of modernization. The study on the reconstruction of Sino-British opium trade plays an important role in our understanding of history, the path of capitalist development and the traditional cultural thinking of China.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D829.561
本文编号：2443165
[Abstract]:Before modern times, China did not have diplomacy in the modern sense, and it was on an equal footing with Britain in terms of economy, politics and security. However, after the opium trade between China and Britain, the relationship between China and Britain changed, and China was independent. The cultural supremacy of China was incorporated into the colonial rule of Asia by capitalist Britain, and the economic, political and security status of both sides changed. The Sino-British opium trade has transformed China's economy from a trade overrun to an extremely poor state of dependence on British trade, a political shift from equal autonomy to being subject to the United Kingdom, and a security transition from independent security to weak and subdued by others. With the aid of the dependency theory in international political economics, this paper discusses how Britain brought China into the colonial category of capitalist world system and how to make Sino-British relations change from non-dependency to dependency. According to the primary theoretical hypothesis of dependence theory, the Sino-British relations after opium trade accord with the three contents of the "center-periphery" structure and its theoretical hypothesis, that is: (1) there is only one capitalist world market in the international system. At the same time, because "pursuing interests is the essence of capitalism", the pursuit of profits stimulates each company to compete with each other, accumulate, expand production, and search everywhere for opportunities to plunder cheap raw materials and sell goods. Therefore, expanding the market is the inherent tendency of the "center" of this structure; (2) there is an unequal exchange relationship between the developed central area and the underdeveloped marginal zone, that is, the relationship between exploitation and exploitation. In the process of free competition and expansion of the market, the central countries of the capitalist world market followed the economic policy of "conquering colonies and opening up protected industries for the benefit of sovereign states and destroying colonial handicrafts". Or in the monopoly period, "developing a new area with a higher rate of surplus value than that of the central country, reducing labor costs and constant costs". In this way, the fringes tend to form serious commercial, financial and technological dependencies on the central areas, losing their traditional social functions, and market demand for the goods sold to them by the central country, even if partially developed. It also belongs to deformities and limited development, at the same time, it also leads to widespread poverty among the masses; (3) there exists a relatively strong dual social structure, which includes the coexistence of the strong and prosperous countries in the international economy and the poor and backward countries, the coexistence of the upper-class figures and the working masses in the system of a country, and the trend of expansion of this dualistic opposition. For the British Empire, opium meant a constant stream of wealth and political privilege. Opium meant humiliating and absurd history of inequality as well as economic and political double losses for China during the Qing Dynasty, but it also brought China into the global system and opened the prelude to China's modernization. The change in Sino-British relations is inevitable. This is the choice of history, but also the price of modernization. The study on the reconstruction of Sino-British opium trade plays an important role in our understanding of history, the path of capitalist development and the traditional cultural thinking of China.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D829.561
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前3条
1 关艳红;;依附理论及其局限性的评述[J];高校社科信息;2004年03期
2 袁兴昌;;对依附理论的再认识——依附理论的起源[J];拉丁美洲研究;1990年04期
3 张敦福;依附理论的发展历程和新进展[J];山东师大学报(社会科学版);2000年01期
，本文编号：2443165
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shekelunwen/guojiguanxi/2443165.html
