秦早期青铜器科技考古学研究

发布时间：2018-03-03 10:33

本文选题：青铜器　切入点：早期秦文化　出处：《西北大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 秦历经弱小到强大,最后建立了中国历史上第一个统一的、多民族的中央集权制国家。在这一过程中,早期秦人所做出的贡献是不容忽视的,早期秦文化也因此成为考古界关注的热点问题之一。秦早期青铜器是早期秦文化的重要组成部分,特别是青铜兵器,不仅能够揭示秦早期青铜冶铸技术的发展情况,也可反映出秦早期军事、政治和文化交流情况。本文利用科技方法研究秦早期青铜器,从金相组织、合金配比和铅同位素比值方面,对其制作工艺特点和技术发展情况进行探讨,为早期秦文化的深入研究提供重要参考依据。秦人早期活动空间主要集中在西犬丘(西垂)、秦、lg、lg渭之会、平阳、雍等地,该区域是早期秦文化的发源和生长地。本文选择甘肃东部陇南、天水和陕西西部长陇地区和宝鸡地区出土的青铜器作为研究对象,能够相对准确地反映秦早期青铜文化的特点。青铜样品的金相和合金配比显示：1)青铜兵器含Sn量在10～18%,含Pb量在2.12-9.83%,金相组织为铸造态,与其它地区青铜器相类似。实验数据表明,早期秦人已经掌握了制作青铜兵器的关键技术；2)凤翔出土铜建筑构件含铜量在73-83%之间,含锡量在10-18%之间,含铅量在1%-10%之间,为铅锡铜三元合金,表明秦人在当时已经认识到含锡量在10～18%时的青铜,具有最佳的硬度和抗拉强度。微量元素分析显示四个地区的青铜器中的微量元素无显著差异,说明礼县、陇县、宝鸡和凤翔四地的青铜器可能使用了地质状况相同或相近的铜矿,也进一步说明秦早期青铜文化从西周到东周都可能开采着相同铜矿,具有一定的连续性。铅同位素比值关系图显示：四地的样品有一定重叠,重叠区域涵盖了宝鸡样品；陇县样品一部分分布在重叠区下方,礼县样品则一部分分布在重叠区上方,表明两者既使用相同的铅矿,也使用着异地铅矿；凤翔样品的铅同位素比值范围涵盖了其它地区样品,表明凤翔在春秋时期已经成为秦人的政治和经济中心。研究成果揭示出早期秦人的青铜冶铸业已经相当发达,很可能开发了甘肃东部秦岭山带中丰富的铅、铜矿资源,拥有独立的矿冶和青铜制造业,已经掌握了先进的青铜制作技术,尤其是青铜兵器制作技术。这个结论具有重要的考古学意义,它显示出秦人从西周到东周期间一直掌握着青铜冶铸技术,控制着所需的原料矿源,为秦人由弱变强,逐步地向东扩展势力提供了必要的资源和技术保障。拉曼光谱分析结果表明,青铜器内部的夹杂颗粒包括PbC03、PbO、Cu20和C,PbCO3和PbO是铅两种重要的碳酸盐和氧化物,揭示出铅的腐蚀过程Pb→PbO→PbC03。拉曼光谱分析证明,样品金相结构中的圆形暗灰色颗粒为Cu20,可能是铸造时或后期腐蚀的产物。此外,本文选择了秦早期青铜器作为研究对象,利用科技手段系统地研究了一大批青铜样品,在国内外尚属先例。在研究方法上,将激光剥蚀等离子体质谱仪引入青铜器微量元素无损检测之中,同时利用激光拉曼技术研究金相组织夹杂物,这些尝试有利于青铜器研究方法的发展。限于本人的水平、样品量和文献的不足,尚未能对更多的问题进行展开探讨。特别是有关秦早期矿料的矿源问题,还需进一步认真探讨。希望本文能够起到抛砖引玉的作用,吸引更多的人关注和研究早期秦文化。
[Abstract]:From the weak to the powerful, Qin finally established the first unified multi-ethnic centralization system in Chinese history. In this process, the contributions made by the early Qin people can not be ignored. Early Qin culture has also become one of the hot issues in archaeology.
Early Qin bronze is an important part of the early Qin culture, especially the development of bronze weapons, they not only reveal the early Qin bronze smelting technology, but also reflect the early Qin military, political and cultural exchanges. The research of the early Qin Bronze by science and technology, from the microstructure, and the ratio of lead isotope ratios of alloy the fabrication process, characteristics and development of the technology are discussed, providing an important reference for the study of early Qin culture.
Early space Qin mainly concentrated in the West dog Hill (xichui), Qin, LG, Pingyang LG Wei, Yong, and other places, the region is the early Qin culture originated and developed. This paper chooses Gansu in eastern Longnan, Western Shaanxi and Tianshui unearthed Changlong area and Baoji area as bronze the object of study, which can reflect the characteristics of the early Qin bronze culture is relatively accurate.
Metallographic and alloy composition bronze samples showed: 1) bronze weapons Sn content in 10 ~ 18%, the content of Pb in 2.12-9.83%, as cast microstructure, similar to the rest of the bronze. The experimental data show that the early Qin people have mastered the key technology of bronze weapon making; 2) unearthed in Fengxiang copper copper the amount of building components between 73-83%, tin content between 10-18%, lead content in the 1%-10% for three yuan, tin copper alloy, that at the time of Qin people have recognized the tin content in 10 ~ 18% bronze, has the best hardness and tensile strength.
Trace element analysis showed that the trace elements in four areas of the bronze in the show no significant difference, Lixian, Longxian, Baoji and Fengxiang and four bronzes may use the same or similar geological conditions of copper ore, it further illustrates that the early Qin bronze culture from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty may have the same copper mining, is continuous.
Lead isotope ratio diagram shows: four samples have some overlap, the overlap region covers the Baoji Longxian part of the distribution of samples; samples below in the overlapping area, Lixian and some samples in the distribution above the overlap area, show that both use the same lead, but also use different lead; lead isotope ratios of Fengxiang samples the other area that covers the sample, Fengxiang has become a political and economic center of the Qin people in the spring and Autumn period.
The result of the research reveals that the people in early Qin Dynasty bronze smelting industry has developed considerably, probably developed a rich Eastern Gansu Qinling Mountains orogenic belt in the lead, copper, and bronze metallurgy manufacturing industry has independent, has mastered the advanced production technology of bronze, especially the bronze weapons. This conclusion is of significance to the archaeology. It shows that during the period of Qin Zhou from the Western Zhou Dynasty to hold bronze smelting technology, control of raw ore source required for Qin people, from weak to strong, and gradually extended to the East power to provide the necessary resources and technical support.
Raman spectra analysis results show that the inclusions of bronze inside including PbC03, PbO, Cu20 and C, PbCO3 and PbO are two important kinds of lead carbonate and oxide, reveals that the analysis of lead corrosion process of Pb - PbO - PbC03. Raman spectroscopy, samples of metallographic structure in the circular dark grey particles Cu20, may be a product casting or later corrosion.
In addition, this paper chooses the early Qin bronze as the research object, the use of science and technology were studied by means of a large number of bronze samples at home and abroad. In the research method, the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of trace elements into bronze nondestructive testing, at the same time using laser Raman technique study of microstructure of inclusions, these attempts have development for bronze research methods.
I am limited to the level of insufficient sample volume and literature, not yet be able to more problems are discussed. Especially the ore source problems related to mine materials in early Qin period, need to be further discussed seriously. I hope this article can play a role, attract more attention and research in the early Qin culture.

【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K876.41

【引证文献】