中国古代花鸟玉器刍论

发布时间：2018-05-10 10:33

本文选题：花鸟玉器 + 起源与发展　；参考：《辽宁师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：所谓花鸟玉器,是指以花卉、鸟兽、鱼虫等纹样为艺术造型题材以供观赏或装饰的玉器。从本质上说,中国古代花鸟玉器,是源远流长的中华本土礼仪文化因素与西方造型艺术传统结合的产物。尽管中国史前时期出现了大量的鸟兽纹玉器,但其基本功能是为神权统治服务,并不属于真正意义上的花鸟玉。夏商周三代时期,随着国家文明的形成和发展,玉器由史前单一的奉神之物转而成为神化王者权威、辨别上下等级的礼仪用器。但究其社会功用,主要的是用于宗教礼仪,而与装点环境、美化生活基本无关,因此也不属真正的花鸟玉器。春秋之际,礼崩乐坏,经过战国数百年之久的变法运动,至秦朝建立,中国古代社会完成了由传统的礼制型社会到新兴的法制型社会的转型。中国古代传统玉器的功能也由过去社会上层单一的敬神、尊王的礼仪用具开始走向世俗、流入民间,渐次有了陈设和装饰等社会功用。至汉代,西方社会流行的莲花等世俗装饰纹样渐次随着佛教的传播而在中国各地流行传衍。中国古代社会逐渐地发展出现了独立意义上的艺术作品,中国古代玉器开始出现由礼仪用玉到世俗用玉的转变。花鸟玉器在唐朝的出现,是中国古代玉器发展史上的一次具有里程碑意义的重大转折,它的出现,使源远流长的中国传统玉文化发展序列最终完成了由礼玉到俗玉的历史转变。辽、宋、金、元、明、清之际,由唐朝开创的花鸟玉器发展出现了两大分支: 一方面,在中原一带立国的两宋、元、明和清朝的花鸟玉器,由于受到唐以来花鸟画风的薰习感染和潜移默化,日趋转精,获得了长足的发展。而崛起于东北地区的辽金王朝,则在本区草原花鸟画派文化氛围的影响之下,吸纳承传了中原地区唐以来的花鸟玉器传统,发创造并发展起了独具时代特征和民族特色的以鹘攫天鹅和山林逐鹿为基本创作题材的“春水玉”和“秋山玉”。其遗风流韵,历元明而至清亡,因成中国古代玉器发展史上的一支奇葩。
[Abstract]:The so-called flowers and birds jade, refers to flowers, birds, animals, fish and insect patterns for artistic modeling for ornamental or decorative jade. In essence, the jade wares of Chinese ancient flowers and birds are the result of the combination of the Chinese native etiquette culture factor and the western plastic arts tradition. Although a large number of bird and animal jade wares appeared in prehistoric China, their basic function is to serve theocracy and not to belong to the real flower and bird jade. During the three dynasties of Xia, Shang and Zhou, with the formation and development of national civilization, jade articles changed from a single prehistoric worship of God to become the authority of deified kings, and to distinguish the upper and lower levels of ceremonial instruments. But its social function is mainly used for religious etiquette, and it has nothing to do with decorating the environment and beautifying life, so it is not a real flower and bird jade. During the Spring and Autumn period, the ritual collapsed and broke. After hundreds of years of reform in the warring States period, to the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, the ancient Chinese society completed the transformation from the traditional ritual society to the emerging legal society. The function of the traditional jade articles in ancient China also changed from the simple worship of gods in the upper social strata, and the ceremonial utensils of respecting the king began to move towards the secular, flowing into the folk, and gradually had the social functions of furnishing and decorating. To the Han Dynasty, the popular lotus flowers and other secular decorative patterns gradually spread with the spread of Buddhism in various parts of China. Chinese ancient society gradually developed and appeared independent works of art, and ancient Chinese jade began to change from ceremonial jade to secular jade. The appearance of flower and bird jade in the Tang Dynasty is a milestone turning point in the history of the development of jade in ancient China. Its appearance makes the development sequence of Chinese traditional jade culture with a long history finally complete the historical transformation from ritual jade to vulgar jade. At the time of Liao, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, there were two branches in the development of flower and bird jade created by Tang Dynasty: On the one hand, the flowers and birds jade of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, which were founded in the Central Plains, became more and more refined and developed rapidly because of the infection and imperceptibility of the flower-and-bird painting style since the Tang Dynasty. The Liao and Jin dynasties, which rose in the Northeast, were influenced by the cultural atmosphere of the Flower and Bird painting School in this area, absorbing and inheriting the tradition of flowers and birds jade articles since the Tang Dynasty in the Central Plains. Fat created and developed "Chunshui Jade" and "Qiushan Jade" with unique characteristics of the times and ethnic characteristics, which took the swan and the mountain forest as the basic subjects of creation. Its relic style rhyme, Yuan and Ming dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, because of the ancient Chinese jade development history of a wonderful flower.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K876.8

【参考文献】