侯马乔村围沟墓属性问题的探讨

发布时间：2018-10-05 13:36

【摘要】：中国古代"事死如事生,事亡如事存"的观念对墓葬制度产生了巨大的影响,墓葬在一定程度上再现了死者生前的社会关系和社会生活,不同的埋葬方式还反映了当时人们的思想观念。围沟墓作为一类较特殊的墓葬形式,最早发现于山西侯马乔村,是指一座、两座或多座墓葬的外围挖有壕沟的墓葬。侯马乔村围沟墓在发现后,因其随葬有典型的秦文化陶器,发现有蜷曲特甚的秦式屈肢葬,而被认为属战国晚期秦国东进后的秦人墓葬,是目前两周时期中、小型围沟墓中发现时代最早、集中分布、数量最多、保存最好者。本文利用文化因素分析法,以数量统计为根据,重新梳理乔村围沟墓的属性,尤其是国属问题,对于研究晋南地区晋文化的去向,秦晋文化的相互关系,和当时的社会制度变革有一定意义。文章主要内容共五章:第一章为绪论,主要介绍了围沟墓的发现概况,本文的研究目的与意义、相关研究背景、研究内容与方法等。第二章从围墓沟的形制与分类、主墓的墓葬结构和随葬器物三个方面简要介绍了乔村围沟墓的有关发现。第三章为乔村第二期与第三期围沟墓的对比研究。从时代、分布位置、墓葬形制、头向与葬式、随葬器物、殉人等方面进行统计,重点讨论了洞室墓、头向东、屈肢葬、陶器类型、用圭制度、殉人等问题中秦、晋文化的差异,发现乔村第二期围沟墓呈现诸多晋文化因素,且在墓葬数量上占有绝对优势。第四章为乔村围沟墓与两周时其他地区的围沟墓进行比较。通过考古发现与文献记载,发现围沟墓并非秦文化所特有的传统,晋、虢、秦、齐、越、鲁、韩等国的诸侯国君陵墓中均存在围沟。而同时期中、小型的围沟墓却集中发现于晋南地区和三门峡地区,关中和陇东仅见个例,虽然围沟形态上有相似之处,但其他地区围沟墓在时代上均晚于乔村第二期,且随葬有典型的秦文化器物,相比之下差异性更加显著。第五章为结论部分,根据墓地内分期对比和与其他地区围沟墓对比,得出乔村围沟墓第二期属魏人墓葬,第三期为秦人墓葬的推论。乔村围沟墓产生原因除了中原地区也有墓葬围沟的传统以外,或与魏国率先变法提倡节葬、围沟的使用限制松懈有关,也是战国中晚期宗法制瓦解,家庭逐渐成为社会主要单位的表现之一。
[Abstract]:In ancient China, the concept of "death as life, death as survival" had a great impact on the burial system. To a certain extent, the grave reappeared the social relations and social life of the deceased before his death. The different ways of burial also reflected the ideas of people at that time. As a special kind of tomb, the garrison tomb was first found in Houmaqiao Village, Shanxi Province. It refers to one, two or more tombs with trenches in the periphery. After the discovery of the Weigou Tomb in Hou Ma Qiao Village, due to the typical Qin cultural pottery and the crouching body of Qin style, the tomb of Qin people was considered to be the tomb of Qin people after the eastward advance of the late warring States period, which was the current two-week period. Small enclosure tomb found in the earliest, concentrated distribution, the largest number, the best preservation. Based on the quantitative statistics and the cultural factor analysis, this paper reorganizes the attributes of the tomb around the ditch in Qiaocun, especially the question of national affiliation, and studies the relationship between Qin Jin culture and Jin culture in the south of Shanxi. And the social system changes at that time have certain significance. The main contents of the article are five chapters: the first chapter is the introduction, mainly introduces the general situation of the discovery of the ditch tomb, the purpose and significance of this article, the related research background, the research content and the method and so on. The second chapter briefly introduces the discovery of the tomb around the ditch in Qiaocun from three aspects: the shape and classification of the ditch, the structure of the main tomb and the funerary objects. The third chapter is the comparative study of the second phase and the third phase of the ditch tomb in Qiao Village. From the aspects of age, distribution position, burial form, head direction and burial style, funerary objects, martyrs, etc., the paper mainly discusses the differences of Qin and Jin cultures in the questions of cave tomb, head to east, limb burial, pottery type, using Gui system, martyr, etc. It is found that there are many cultural factors in Jin Dynasty in the second phase of Jiao Village, and it has an absolute advantage in the number of tombs. The fourth chapter is the comparison between Chaocun and other places in two weeks. Through archaeological discoveries and documentary records, it is found that the tomb is not a unique tradition of Qin culture, Jin, Guo, Qin, Qi, Yue, Lu, Han and other countries in the imperial mausoleum are surrounded by ditch. At the same time, the small furrow tombs were found in the southern part of Shanxi and the Sanmenxia area. Only one case was found in Guanzhong and Longdong. Although there are similarities in the shape of the surrounding ditch, other areas were later than the second phase of Qiaocun in the times. And buried with typical Qin cultural artifacts, by contrast, the difference is more significant. The fifth chapter is the conclusion part, according to the graveyard stage contrast and the other area encircles ditch tomb contrast, obtains Qiocun encircles the ditch tomb the second stage to belong to the Wei person tombs, the third period is the Qin people tombs inference. In addition to the tradition of burial trenches in the Central Plains, the causes of the tomb encirclement in Qiaocun were also related to the relaxation of restrictions on the use of the sewer in the early Wei Dynasty, or to the disintegration of the patriarchal system in the middle and late warring States period. The family is gradually becoming one of the main units of society.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K878.8

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