图灵的机器思维思想初探

发布时间：2018-06-23 12:19

本文选题：图灵机 + 通用计算机　；参考：《华中师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：计算机作为现代社会必不可少的工具,其重要性不言而喻,基于计算机实现的人工智能在一定程度上也影响了现代社会的发展。图灵是最早领会到计算机巨大潜力的人之一,他在前人的研究基础之上,提出了图灵机以及通用计算机,并以此提出图灵测试,用以衡量机器能否如人类一般思维。本文从科学逻辑的角度,对图灵的机器思维思想进行细致的梳理和系统的概括,并做出初步的评价和思考,全文分为四个部分:第一部分主要介绍了图灵机器思维思想的理论渊源。在对于莱布尼兹、弗雷格、哥德尔和巴比奇思想的考察之下,重点探讨了莱布尼兹的梦想和弗雷格的概念文字、哥德尔的不完全定理以及巴比奇的计算理念对图灵的机器思维思想所产生的重要影响。第二部分详细地论述了图灵机和通用计算机。首先,图灵设想这样一台机器,即任何可以被算法计算的事物都可以被这台机器计算,这台机器被称为图灵机;其次,图灵描述了图灵机及其运作方式;最后,图灵基于图灵机提出了通用计算机,并强调了通用计算机的普遍性,通用计算机比图灵机更具一般性,可以模拟其他任何图灵机的计算机被称为通用计算机,通用计算机可以代替人类去做任何不需要智力去执行的操作。第三部分论述了图灵测试以及关于机器可以思维可能存在的争论。图灵提出一个类似于游戏的测试,其主要目的是提供一个评估“机器能否思维”的方法,图灵认为虽然图灵测试不完全等价于问题“机器能思维吗?”,但它足够接近于这个问题,除此之外,图灵也一一反驳了机器可以思维的反方观点,在此基础上,他也认为在不久的将来,将会有可以思维的机器出现。第四部分主要对图灵的机器思维思想做出整体性评价。在这一部分我们首先分别考察了图灵以及当代哲学家科学家“机器能否思维”的观点,在此基础之上,对图灵的机器思维思想进行细致梳理,探究其思想给当代哲学研究和科学研究的重要启示,以期能够使图灵机器思维思想的价值以及图灵在哲学史和科学逻辑史中的重要地位得以充分展现。
[Abstract]:As an indispensable tool in modern society, the importance of computer is self-evident. Artificial intelligence based on computer also affects the development of modern society to a certain extent. Turing was one of the first people to realize the great potential of computer. He put forward Turing machine and general computer on the basis of previous research, and put forward Turing test to measure whether machine can think like human being. From the point of view of scientific logic, this paper makes a detailed combing and systematic generalization of Turing's thought of machine thinking, and makes a preliminary evaluation and thinking. The paper is divided into four parts: the first part mainly introduces the theoretical origin of Turing's machine thinking. Under the investigation of Leibniz, Frege, Godel and Babic, it focuses on Leibniz's dream and Frege's conceptual writing. Godel's incomplete theorem and Babic's idea of computing have an important influence on Turing's machine thinking. In the second part, Turing machine and general computer are discussed in detail. First, Turing envisions a machine where anything that can be computed by an algorithm can be computed by that machine, which is called a Turing machine; secondly, Turing describes the Turing machine and how it works; and finally, it describes the Turing machine and how it works. Turing proposed a universal computer based on the Turing machine and emphasized the universality of the universal computer, which is more general than the Turing machine, and which can simulate any other Turing machine is called a universal computer. A general-purpose computer can replace humans in any operation that does not require intelligence. The third part discusses the Turing test and the possible existence of machine thinking. Turing proposes a game-like test, the main purpose of which is to provide a way to assess whether a machine can think. Turing believes that although the Turing test is not entirely equivalent to the question "can a machine think?" But it is close enough to the problem that Turing refutes the idea that machines can think, and on that basis, he also thinks that in the near future there will be machines that can think. The fourth part mainly evaluates Turing's thought of machine thinking as a whole. In this part, we first examine Turing and the contemporary philosopher scientist's viewpoint of "machine thinking", on the basis of which, we sort out Turing's machine thinking thought in detail. It is hoped that the value of Turing's machine thinking thought and the important position of Turing in the history of philosophy and scientific logic can be fully displayed.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B81-06

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