城乡统筹视角下我国农民收入增长问题研究

  本文关键词：城乡统筹视角下我国农民收入增长问题研究，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        “三农”问题的实质是农民的收入增长问题①。历史的经验和现实的情况表明,解决农民增收问题单靠农民自身或“三农”内部是不可能实现的,而是要在“三农”外部想办法,或者立足“三农”,放眼农外,充分发挥“工业反哺农业”和“城市支持乡村”的重大作用,统筹城乡发展,才能彻底解决“三农”问题。基于上述考虑,本文综合应用农业经济学、政治经济学、宏微观经济学、福利经济学、发展经济学、制度经济学、以及计量经济学的有关理论方法,建立了一个促进农民收入有效增收经济学理论框架。农民收入由工资性收入、经营性收入、财产性收入、转移性收入四个部分构成,各个构成部分的增长情况各不相同,对城乡居民收入差距的影响也不同。经过分析我们发现,工资性收入对城乡居民收入差距的作用最大,截至2010年,工资性收入对城乡居民收入差距的贡献率还高达78.2%。接下来依次是转移性收入、财产性收入、经营性收入。而四个构成部分中,分配最不平均的是城乡居民之间的转移性收入,在2000-2010年11年间,代表转移性收入分配不平均程度的集中率指标有6年大于50%,余下5年转移性收入的集中率也都大于40%；经营性收入对城乡居民收入差距的贡献率为负值,2010年,这个贡献率为-7.13%,即农村居民该项收入水平反而微高于城镇居民。农民收入各构成部分的增长情况不同,解决的办法也不同。因此,本文对农民收入四个构成部分分别进行了研究,找出了促进农民工资性、经营性、财产性、转移性等方面收入有效增长的核心手段和关键突破口。它们分别是：做好农村剩余劳动力转移就业,当前特别要做好农村剩余劳动力转移就业的战略性调整；大力发展农村专业合作经济组织；推动农村土地有效流转；大力实施并科学有效地做好国家财政支农支出等。一、从农村剩余劳动力转移就业入手研究农民工资性收入增长问题本文通过理论分析,论证了城乡统筹视角下做好农村剩余劳动力转移就业能够实现农村劳动者收入的工资化,能够消除城乡收入差距,能够减小农民因素质偏低而造成的收入增长的内生缺憾,能够促进农民增收、农村工业化以及国民经济增长的协调发展,最终有效提升农民的工资性收入水平。接着,经过估算,本文得出到2011年末,我国农村剩余劳动力约为7745万人。继续做好这部分剩余劳动力的转移就业对提高农民工资性收入将具有重要的现实意义。然而,转移出去的农村剩余劳动力长期以来都是异地就业,加上转移的剩余劳动力在年龄结构、地区结构等方面的问题,已经给我国经济社会带来了一系列的问题。如相当一部分省市农村劳动力资源严重缺乏,“留守妇女”、“留守子女”群体、家庭的分隔、子女隔代管教等引发的农村社会空洞化问题,大量农村剩余劳动力异地转移还导致了中国整体上的低工资,导致了沿海地区产业升级和技术创新滞缓,从长远看还会导致区域发展差距的拉大,等等。当然,这些问题的出现并不能否定农村剩余劳动力转移就业的正面作用,只是我们要顺应新的历史形势,进一步做好农村剩余劳动力转移就业工作。最后,经过深入分析,我们发现当前我国农村剩余劳动力转移正处于由异地转移为主向由就地转移为主的规律性转变,加之东部沿海发达省市的工业产业正向中西部地区梯度转移。我们认为我国农村剩余劳动力转移就业的战略性调整势在必行。为此,本文从推进农村新型工业化、发展城镇化、以及建立健全城乡统筹的劳动力就业机制等方面提出了促进农民剩余劳动力转移就业战略性调整的对策建议。二、从发展农村专业合作经济组织入手研究农民经营性收入增长问题本文依次从政治经济学的角度、统筹城乡发展的角度、农业产业化经营的角度、以及提升农业科技水平的视角深入论述了大力发展农村专业合作经济组织是有效提升农民的经营性收入水平的核心和关键突破口。当前,我国农村专业合作经济组织正处于深化和加速发展阶段。截至2010年,全国农村各类专业合作组织有21万多个,拥有农民专业合作社的村占同期村民委员会总数的30.8%左右。参加组织的农民成员3486万人(户),占乡村农户总数的13.8%。进一步地,本文通过分析四川省资阳、眉山、遂宁3市畜牧养殖专业合作社发展情况,深入论证了农村专业合作经济组织对提高农民经营性收入的重要作用。在2010年生猪价格持续下跌的情况下,资阳、遂宁、眉山3市参加生猪专业合作的农民人均畜牧业现金收入仍比2006年分别增长77.47%、200.84%、80.82%,高于全省平均增幅。对300个养殖专业合作社的问卷调查显示,有72.3%的农户认为参加合作社后养殖业收入大大提高,效益明显；有22.2%的农户认为收入有一定的提高,两项相加高达94.5%。通过对四川省资阳、眉山、遂宁三市农村专业合作社发展情况的深入研究,我们发现总结了3市在发展农村专业合作社过程中形成的几种以农村专业合作社为纽带的具有较大创新的利益联结模式,包括“六方合作+保险”模式、“公司+合作社+农户”模式、“龙头企业+合作社+养殖户+银行”模式、“公司+协会+基地+农户”模式等。在这些模式下,农村专业合作社有效地发挥了促农增收的作用,显著提高了农民的经营性收入水平。当然,3市在发展农村专业合作社过程中也存在着一些问题,为此,我们根据3市取得的经验和存在的问题,从创新推广发展机制、加大扶持力度、加强培育指导等方面提出了进一步发展和完善我国农村专业合作经济组织的对策建议。三、从农村土地有效流转入手研究农民财产性收入增长问题本文先从理论上论证了农村土地有效流转对促进农民财产性收入增长的必要性和重要性,突出了农村土地有效流转是提升农民财产性收入水平的核心手段和关键突破口这一论断。现行土地法规和农地征用制度在很大程度上限制了农村土地的有效流转,造成了农民土地财产的严重损失。为此,本文全面分析了当前的土地制度对农村土地财产收入的影响,并对土地征用中农民利益流失的数量进行了估算。估算得出,1978-2010年,农民向社会无偿贡献的土地收益约为257827.33亿元。紧接着,深入分析成都“试验区”农村土地流转的成效,从实践上证实了农村土地有效流转对提高农民财产性收入的显著作用。同时我们还发现和总结了包括土地股份合作社、土地股份公司、“土地银行”、业主租赁经营、“两股一改”在内的有效实现农村土地流转的典型模式。当然,成都“试验区”在促进农村土地流转过程中也存在着一些问题,为此,我们根据取得的经验和存在的问题,从明确界定土地产权的权能、建立土地资产价格评估体系、建设土地使用权流转市场、推广土地经营权证券化、创新推广农村土地流转的成功模式等方面提出了进一步有效促进我国农村土地流转的对策建议。四、从国家财政支农支出入手研究农民转移性收入增长问题本文先从理论上论证了财政支农投入对促进农民转移性收入增长的必要性和重要性,突出了大力实施并科学有效地做好国家财政支农政策是提升农民财产性收入水平的核心手段和关键突破口这一论断。接着通过计量分析法构建人均财政支农规模与农民人均纯收入之间回归方程式,回归方程表明农民收入对人均财政支农规模的弹性约为0.448。即人均财政支农投入每变动1个百分点将导致当期的农民收入同向变动约0.448个百分点。这说明人均财政支农支出对农民收入有较强的正向促进作用。紧接着,根据农民收入年均增长10%的目标,我们测算了未来30年内我国财政支农应该保持年均增长25%的增速这一结论。再接着,我们深入分析了财政支农的结构(即财政各主要支农项目)对促农增收的影响情况,得出了以粮棉油价格补贴为代表的财政补贴支出、农业贷款等不论是对农民直接收入还是对农业生产都产生了负向作用；而支援农村生产支出和各项农业事业费、科技投入不论是对农民直接收入还是对农业生产都具有明显的正向作用。而国家财政在农村社会事业发展费用的支出和农村基本建设的支出对农业生产也具有较强的正向作用的基本结论。在上述分析的基础上,我们以城乡统筹为视角,从加大财政支农力度、优化财政支农结构、完善财政支农政策和制度、规范财政支农行为等方面提出了进一步优化财政支农政策的对策建议。

    The essence of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers is farmers’income growth. The historical experience and reality shows that, depending only on the farmers themselves to solve farmer’s income problem is impossible, must the implement development strategy of urban and rural, thinking outside of farming basing on "3farming", giving full play to the "industry feeds back agriculture" and "city supports countryside".Based on the above consideration, this paper applied agricultural economics, political economy, macro and micro economics, welfare economics, development economics, institutional economics, as well as econometrics, and so on, to establish an effectively theoretical framework of economics to simulative farmers’ income increasing.Farmer income from wage income, operating income, property income, transfer income into four parts, each part of the growth circumstance are not identical, they have different effects to the income gap between urban and rural. After analysis, we derive that, the wage income gap of urban and rural residents’is the biggest, as of2010, the contribution rate of the wage income gap between urban and rural residents is high up to78.2%. Followed by transfer income, property income, operating income. Transfer income in between urban and rural residents assigned the average. In thell years of2000～2010,6years’transfer income of the concentration ratio is greater than50%, the remaining5years’ transfer income of the concentration ratio are all more than40%; The contribution rate of operating income on the income gap between urban and rural residents is negative,2010, the contribution rate is of-7.13%, namely the income level of rural residents have slightly higher than the urban residents’. The various components of farmer income is different for the growth, the solutions is also different. Therefore, this article also studies respectively on the farmers’income component.One, researching farmers’wage income growth basing on the transfer of rural surplus laborThis paper discusses the transfer of rural surplus labor is good for the rural laborer wage income, eliminating the income gap between urban and rural areas, reducing inside unripe shortcomings, promoting the increase of farmers’income, final effectively enhancing farmer’s income level.Then, after estimating, we come to the conclusion that, by the end of2011, China’s rural surplus labor force is about77450000people. Continue to do a good job in this part of the transfer of surplus labor force employment to increase farmers’ income will have important practical significance. However, transferred out of the surplus rural labor force has been the off-site employment, coupled with the transfer of surplus labor in the age structure, regional structure and other aspects of the problem of rural surplus labor force, long-term different transfer has to society of our country economy brings a series of problems. Of course, these problems do not deny the transfer of rural surplus labor force employment positive role, but we have to conform to the new historical situation, further improve the transfer of surplus rural labor force employment.Finally, thorough analysis, we found that the rural surplus labor transfer is regularity changing, at the same time the industry of the eastern coastal developed provinces is gradient transferring to center-west region of our country, the transfer strategic adjustment of rural surplus labor force is imperative. Therefore, this article put forward the countermeasure proposals to promote strategically adjustment of the rural surplus labor transferring from the advancing rural industrialization, urbanization, and establishing a sound development of urban and rural labor employment mechanism.Two, researching farmers’operating income growth problem based on the development of rural professional cooperative economic organizationThis article has discussed that developing the rural professional cooperative economic organization is the core and breach to enhance farmers operating income level effectively. From the point of view of political economy, balancing urban and rural development perspective, agricultural industrialization management perspective, promoting agricultural science and technology level, and so on.At present, China’s rural professional cooperative economic organizations are on deepened and accelerated developing stage. As of2010, three are more than 210000rural professional cooperation organizations in the country, the villages with professional cooperatives economic organizations is accounted for about30.8%of the total amount. The participated farmers is about34860000(households), accounting for13.8%of the total number of rural households. Further, we have deepen analysis of the animal husbandry professional cooperatives of Ziyang, Meishan, Suining in Sichuan Province, confirmed that the rural professional cooperative economic organization is important to improve the farmers’operating income.According to in-depth studying the development situation of the rural professional cooperatives of Ziyang, Meishan,Suining. We found and summarize several profit model, including "six party cooperation+insurance" mode,"the company+cooperation+farmer" mode,"bibcock enterprise+cooperation+farmers+bank" model,"company+association+base+farmer"mode. Under these modes, rural professional cooperation plays effectively the role of helping farmers increase income, improving farmers operating income level significantly.Of course, there are some problems in the process of the3cities’rural professional cooperatives; therefore, we put on the countermeasures of the further development and improvement of rural special cooperative economic organization in China according to3city the experience gained and existing problems.Three, researching the farmers’ property income growth problem based on the rural land circulation effectivelyThis paper firstly theoretically proves that the rural land circulation effectively is the necessity and importance to promote the farmers’property income growth, highlighting the judgment that the promotion of rural land circulation is the core of farmers’ property income level.The current land laws and land requisition system limits rural land to circulate effectively, resulting in severe loss of peasants’land property. Therefore, this paper has a comprehensive analysis of the current land system of rural land property income effects, and has an estimation of the loss of peasants’ interests in land commandeer quantity. Then, this paper has an in-depth analysis of Chengdu "test area" rural land circulation effect. At the same time we also found and summarized the rural land circulation model. Including the land share cooperation, land joint-stock company,"land bank", and the owners leasing business and so on. Of course, Chengdu "Experimental Zone" also exist some problems in promoting rural land circulation process, therefore, we puts forward the effective promotion of China rural land circulation countermeasure proposal. According to the experience and the existing problems.Four, researching transfer income problem based on the national fiscal expenditure.This paper first theoretically demonstrates the investment of finance support agriculture to promote the importance and necessity of famers’transfer income growth, and highlighting the judgment that promoting financial supporting agriculture is effective to enhance the farmers’ property income level.And then through the regression analysis method to establish the per capita financial supporting agriculture scale and net income of farmer average per capita between regression equation, regression equation shows that farmer income per capita of finance supporting agriculture scale elasticity is about0.448. The per capita investment of finance support agriculture changes each1percentage points will result in current farmer income to change the same about0.448percentage points, that per capita of fiscal expenditure for supporting agriculture to farmer income has stronger positive simulative effect. Then, according to farmer income average annual growth target of10%, we calculated the conclusion that the next30years of China’s fiscal expenditure should maintain an average annual growth rate of25%growth.Then, we analyzed the structure of supporting agriculture in Finance (finance major support agriculture project) to promote agricultural income influence situation, reached to grain price subsidies as the representative of the fiscal subsidies, agricultural loans regardless of direct to the farmer income of agricultural production is still a negative role; and support for rural production expenditure and the agricultural operating expenses, investment of science and technology regardless of direct to the farmer income and agricultural production has significant positive effect on agricultural economic growth. While the national finance in rural social development expenses and rural basic construction expenditure on agricultural production also has a strong positive effect.On the basis of the analysis above, we put forward the countermeasures proposal from increasing strength of financial support; optimizing the structure of fiscal support for agriculture, improving the policy and system of finance support agriculture; normative behavior in such aspects as the perspective further simulative farmers’income.

城乡统筹视角下我国农民收入增长问题研究

内容摘要4-8Abstract8-121. 导论18-32    1.1 引言18-20        1.1.1 研究背景18-19        1.1.2 研究目的和意义19-20    1.2 国内外研究动态20-27        1.2.1 国外研究动态20-23        1.2.2 国内研究动态23-27    1.3 论文的研究结构及研究方法27-30        1.3.1 研究结构27-29        1.3.2 研究方法29-30    1.4 论文的创新与不足之处30-32        1.4.1 论文的创新30-31        1.4.2 论文的不足之处31-322. 理论基础32-39    2.1 基本概念的界定32-33        2.1.1 农民的概念界定32        2.1.2 农民收入32-33        2.1.3 农民收入增长的概念界定33        2.1.4 城乡的概念界定33        2.1.5 城乡统筹的概念界定33    2.2 马克思关于城乡及工农关系的阐述33-34    2.3 统筹城乡发展与科学发展观34-35    2.4 统筹城乡发展与农业发展方式转变35    2.5 城乡统筹与福利经济学收入分配理论35-36    2.6 城乡统筹与“更加注重社会公平”的价值取向36-37    2.7 城乡统筹的基本原则37-393. 我国农民收入现状及选择城乡统筹途径的必然性39-52    3.1 我国农民收入的阶段特征及现状分析39-42        3.1.1 改革开放以来我国农民收入增长的阶段性特征39-40        3.1.2 我国农民收入增长的现状分析40-42    3.2 基于差值法的城乡居民收入差距分解42-49        3.2.1 收入差距的差值法测度42-44        3.2.2 各项收入流变化对城乡收入差距的影响44-49    3.3 城乡统筹对解决我国农民收入增长问题的必然性分析49-52        3.3.1 实施统筹城乡发展战略是历史的必然选择49        3.3.2 实施统筹城乡发展战略是缩小城乡收入差距的内在要求49-50        3.3.3 城乡统筹在促农增收中的重要作用50-524. 城乡统筹视角下农民工资性收入增长研究——基于农村剩余劳动力转移就业的分析52-69    4.1 农民工资性收入与农村剩余劳动力的概念界定52-53        4.1.1 农民工资性收入的概念界定52-53        4.1.2 农村剩余劳动力的概念界定53    4.2 农村劳动力转移就业对农民的收入增长效应53-55        4.2.1 实现农村劳动者收入的工资化53-54        4.2.2 消除城乡收入差距54        4.2.3 减小农民收入增长的内生缺憾54-55        4.2.4 推动农村新型工业化,扩大农民增收空间55    4.3 我国农村剩余劳动力转移现状分析55-61        4.3.1 改革开放以来,我国农村剩余劳动力转移阶段性特征分析55-56        4.3.2 我国当前农村劳动力剩余数量估算56-59        4.3.3 我国农村剩余劳动力转移现状特征及存在的问题59-61    4.4 城乡统筹视角下的农村剩余劳动力转移战略调整61-69        4.4.1 农村剩余劳动力转移战略性调整的客观必然性61-64        4.4.2 城乡统筹视角下农村剩余劳动力转移战略调整的路径选择64-695. 城乡统筹视角下农民经营性收入增长研究——基于农村专业合作经济组织的分析69-91    5.1 农民经营性收入和农村专业合作经济组织的概念界定70        5.1.1 农民经营性收入的概念界定70        5.1.2 农村专业合作经济组织的概念界定70    5.2 经营性收入增长对农村专业合作经济组织的需求分析70-75        5.2.1 发展农村专业合作经济组织的政治经济学分析70-72        5.2.2 发展农村专业合作经济组织是统筹城乡发展的历史性选择72-74        5.2.3 发展农村专业合作经济组织是我国走农业产业化经营道路的必然选择74        5.2.4 农村专业合作经济组织是提升农业科技水平的重要载体74-75    5.3 我国农民经营性收入的结构性分析75-76    5.4 我国农村专业合作经济组织的发展历史和现状76-78        5.4.1 改革开放以来我国农村专业合作经济组织发展的历程76-77        5.4.2 我国农村专业合作经济组织的发展现状77-78    5.5 四川资阳、眉山、遂宁3市农村专业合作经济组织发展经验初探78-87        5.5.1 资阳、眉山、遂宁3市农村专业合作社发展的经验分析78-80        5.5.2 3市以农民专业合作社为纽带的利益联结创新模式分析80-84        5.5.3 3市农村养殖专业合作社促农增收的内在机制分析84-86        5.5.4 3市养殖专业合作经济组织发展面临的主要矛盾和问题86-87    5.6 统筹城乡发展视角下的农村专业合作经济组织建设87-91        5.6.1 创新推广发展机制87-88        5.6.2 不断加大扶持力度88-89        5.6.3 切实加强培育指导89-916. 城乡统筹视角下农民财产性收入增长研究——基于农村土地流转的分析91-109    6.1 农民财产性收入及农村土地流转的概念界定91-92        6.1.1 农民财产性收入的概念界定91-92        6.1.2 农村土地流转的概念界定92    6.2 财产性收入对土地流转的需求分析92-93        6.2.1 农村土地流转对促进农民财产性收入增长的必要性92-93        6.2.2 农村土地有效流转对农民财产性收入增长的重要性93    6.3 我国农民财产性收入的现状分析93-95    6.4 土地制度对农民土地财产收入的影响95-98        6.4.1 现行土地法规的问题95-97        6.4.2 农地征用制度的问题97        6.4.3 土地征用中发生的农民利益流失：量的估算97-98    6.5 政府城乡统筹主导下的农村土地流转经验分析——基于成都“试验区”的调查研究98-105        6.5.1 成都“试验区”土地流转的典型模式99-103        6.5.2 成都“试验区”土地流转的成就及经验分析103-104        6.5.3 成都“试验区”土地流转中存在的主要问题104-105    6.6 我国农村土地有效流转的城乡统筹机制105-109        6.6.1 明确界定土地产权的权能,为农村土地流转确立现实基础105-106        6.6.2 建立土地资产价格评估体系,为土地市场化流转提供前提106-107        6.6.3 建设土地使用权流转市场,培育土地使用权流转的中介组织107-108        6.6.4 推广土地经营权证券化,促进土地资源的优化配置108        6.6.5 加大城乡统筹力度,创新推广农村土地流转的成功模式108-1097. 城乡统筹视角下农民转移性收入增长研究——基于财政支农的分析109-125    7.1 农民转移性收入和财政支农支出的概念界定109-111        7.1.1 农民转移性收入的概念界定109-110        7.1.2 财政支农的概念界定110-111    7.2 农民转移性收入增长对于财政支农的需求分析111-113        7.2.1 财政支农对农民转移性收入增长的必要性111-112        7.2.2 财政支农对农民转移性收入增长的重要性112-113    7.3 农民转移性收入的结构性分析113-114    7.4 基于缩小城乡居民收入差距的财政支农规模优化分析114-117    7.5 城乡统筹视角下农民增收的财政支农政策路径选择117-122    7.6 城乡统筹视角下促进农民增收的财政支农政策122-125        7.6.1 加大财政支农力度,保证财政支农资金总量的稳定增长122-123        7.6.2 优化财政支农结构123-124        7.6.3 完善财政支农政策和制度,规范财政支农行为124-1258. 全文的总结与展望125-130    8.1 总结125-128    8.2 展望128-130参考文献130-137后记137-138致谢138-139攻读博士学位期间主要科研成果139

  本文关键词：城乡统筹视角下我国农民收入增长问题研究，，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。