基于农村人口退出视角的中国农村土地制度改革研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 16:44

本文选题：农村人口退出 + 农地功能　；参考：《武汉大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：农村人口退出农村融入城市是现代经济社会发展中的必然现象,也是现代化过程中的必经阶段。农村人口从农村的彻底退出关系到农村生产要素的重新组合,农业现代化的实现以及农村发展必须以农业人口的减少为前提,大量存在的农业人口是不可能实现农村现代化的。农村人口的退出也关系到我国城镇化的健康发展,城镇大量流动人口不能转化为永久性居民并实现真正融合,表面看来是与户籍、就业、教育、医疗、社会保障制度相关,其实是与“给农民以土地,给市民以保障”的旧有思路与土地制度基础一脉相承。由于农村退出人口一头连接城市和工业,一头连接农村和农业,其能否有效退出也关系到我国“三化”协调发展。从上述意义上讲,本文研究所指的农村人口退出,是指农村人口的“完全退出”,即是具有农村集体经济组织成员资格和身份的成员,自愿将其凭借其身份取得的土地承包经营权和宅基地使用权等以退还、转让等其他形式让渡给所在农村集体经济组织或其他个人,从法律和经济联系上与原来所在农村社区脱离关系的行为。农村土地制度改革已经进行了长期的探索,但其目标是多元化的,如资源的有效利用、实现粮食生产量的最大化以保证食品的供给、提高农民收入、保持社会稳定等等。但其根本性的缺陷表现在至今未建立起土地改革-农村人口退出-城镇融合和农村现代化发展的有效机制。在城镇化、工业化快速发展过程中中国的农民正在分化,农村土地的功能也在变化,适应这种变化的农村土地制度改革迫在眉睫。因此,本文的着眼点在于完善土地制度改革,同时实现农村人口的有效退出。论文着力探讨了农村土地功能发生变化的背景下如何深化农村土地制度改革以促进农村人口的退出,内容主要分三大部分：第一部分,构建基于农村人口退出视角的人口流动模型,分析土地制度对农村人口退出的影响及农村土地功能的变化。第二部分析现行农村土地制度下农村人口的退出状况以及农村人口退出对土地制度改革的需求。第三部分提出促进农村人口退出的中国农村土地制度改革的对策建议,在比较中国主要农村土地制度创新特征和人口退出效果,对湖北案例进行实证分析的基础上,提出有利于农村人口退出的中国土地制度改革的原则、方向、政策建议、模式选择等。全文共6章,具体内容如下：第一章为导论,对论文研究概况及相关研究基础进行简要介绍。具体包括选题理由、研究意义、文献综述、研究思路、研究内容与方法以及论文创新之处。在对国外乡城人口迁移与农村土地利用、农业发展、农村土地制度、土地市场的相关文献进行综述的基础上,对国内农村人口退出、农地制度改革、农村人口退出与农地制度改革结合相关研究进行较为系统的梳理,并对研究现状进行简要述评。第二章为农村人口退出与农地制度的关系。首先分析了农村人口退出的内涵和必要性,接着分析农地制度以及农村人口退出与农地制度的关系。分析结果显示传统人口流动理论对中国农村人口退出缺乏解释力,本文从农村人口退出视角对托达罗模型再修正,得出农村土地制度是农村人口退出的主要制约因素。这种制约是随着农村土地对农村人口的功能发生变化而产生的,随着经济社会的发展和农民收入水平的变化,农村土地对农村人口来说不再是简单具有生产和保障功能,还具有财产功能,在高收入阶段,财产性功能需求快速增长并成为主要的新增需求。由于土地退出、交易环节制度缺失,影响了农村土地财产功能的实现,影响到农村人口的迁移决策,也使传统的人口流动理论在我国特殊制度背景下缺乏一定的解释力。第三章为现行农村土地制度下农村人口的退出状况。在总结现行农村土地制度(包括农用地和建设用地)的特征的基础上,进一步分析了中国农村人口退出现状及问题。估算结果显示1991-2012年农村人口年均退出850万左右,退出过程中存在农村半退出人口数量多,全退出人口数量较少,退出时财产不能有效变现,社会保障体系不完善,被动型退出占有一定比例等问题。最后分析了现行农村所有权制度、农村土地使用与流转制度、农村土地收益分配制度、农村土地管理制度对农村人口退出的适应性。第四章分析农村人口退出对农地制度改革的制度需求。以在湖北的问卷调查数据为样本,首先分析了农民工及家庭退出意愿,然后采用Logistic回归模型分析农民工退出的相关影响因素,最后分析了农民工退出相关土地政策需要。研究结果显示,近三分之一的农民工及家庭具有退出意愿,对农民工转户意愿产生最大影响的因素是是否在意退出补偿政策(即是否有退出补偿政策),其次是人均承包地面积,第三是承包地利用形式,第四是家乡是否有承包地荒废状况,第五是老家地理环境,第六是务工时间,第七是家庭现居住地。农民工所处的外部条件因素包括政策因素、承包地因素、家庭区位因素对其退出意愿产生显著的影响,而个人条件因素对其退出意愿产生的影响较弱。调查结果同时显示,农民工具有较强的承包地和宅基地流转意愿,在意土地流转收益与补偿,对土地流转“财产收益权”的实现需求强烈,部分农民工具有土地退出意愿与需求,对土地自由退出权的诉求较高。第五章为农地制度创新和农村人口退出的实证分析。改革开放以来主要的农村土地制度创新模式,以推进工业化、城镇化和规模经营为着眼点和落脚点,朝着市场化方向发展,相对清晰的界定了收益权,农民获得了部分增值收益,从发展趋势看,主要创新模式在一定程度上有趋同的趋势。研究结果显示,成都模式、重庆模式、浙江模式综合绩效最好,排在前三位,其人口退出效果也较好。但各种主要土地制度创新人口退出效果存在差异,“宅基地换住房,承包地换社保”、“集体建设用地置换城市建设用地指标”、“土地银行”、“土地市场”等模式人口退出效果很好,“土地承包长久不变”、“两田制”、“宅基地流转”模式有利于农村人口退出,“土地股份合作”、“集体建设用地入市”模式人口退出效果一般,长期来看人口退出效果较好。最后,在对31个省市区聚类分析的基础上对各类地区适用的农村人口退出的土地创新模式进行分析。第六章,提出促进农村人口退出的中国农村土地制度改革的对策与建议。现阶段农村土地制度改革应以完善农村土地集体所有制、推动农村人口退出为主要方向。通过完善土地相关立法、建立土地退出权、推进土地全面确权、引导和规范集体土地流转、建立健全农村社会保障制度,并引导各种人口退出的土地改革模式合理发展推进农村人口的顺利退出。最后提出保障农村人口退出后相关权益的保障措施。
[Abstract]:The exit of rural population into the city is an inevitable phenomenon in the development of modern economy and society, and it is also a necessary stage in the process of modernization. The complete withdrawal of rural population from rural areas is related to the recombination of rural production elements, the realization of agricultural modernization and the reduction of agricultural population as a prerequisite for the development of agricultural modernization, and a large number of existence. The agricultural population is not possible to modernize the rural areas. The withdrawal of the rural population is also related to the healthy development of urbanization in China. A large number of urban floating population can not be transformed into permanent residents and realize real integration. It seems to be related to the system of household registration, employment, education, medical treatment and social security, in fact, it is the "land for farmers," The old thinking and the foundation of the land system are in the same line. Because the rural population withdraws from the city and industry and connects the countryside and agriculture, its effective withdrawal is also related to the coordinated development of "three" in our country. In this sense, the rural population withdrawal refers to the rural population. Complete withdrawal, namely, a member of the membership and identity of the rural collective economic organization, voluntarily refunds and transfers to the rural collective economic organization or other individuals to the rural collective economic organization or other individuals in the form of legal and economic relations with the original rural area. The rural land system reform has been carried out for a long time, but its objectives are diversified, such as the effective utilization of resources, the maximization of the grain production to ensure the supply of food, the increase of farmers' income, the stability of the society and so on. But the fundamental defect is that the land reform has not been established so far. In the process of urbanization and the rapid development of industrialization, the peasants are differentiating in the process of urbanization and the rapid development of industrialization. The function of rural land is changing. The reform of rural land system to adapt to this change is imminent. Therefore, the focus of this article is to improve the reform of the land system, and In the context of the change of rural land function, the paper focuses on how to deepen the reform of rural land system to promote the withdrawal of rural population. The content is mainly divided into three parts: the first part, the construction of the population flow model based on the perspective of rural population withdrawal, and the analysis of the land system to the rural people The influence of exit and the change of rural land function. The second part analyses the exit status of rural population under the current rural land system and the demand for the rural population withdrawal to the reform of the land system. The third part puts forward some suggestions on the reform of rural land system in China to promote the withdrawal of rural population, and compares the main rural land in China. The characteristics of system innovation and the effect of population withdrawal, based on the empirical analysis of the case of Hubei, put forward the principles, directions, policy suggestions and mode selection of the reform of China's land system in favor of the withdrawal of the rural population. The full text is 6 chapters as follows: the first chapter is the guide, and the summary of the research and the basis of related research is simplified. It includes the reasons for the topic, the significance of the research, the literature review, the research ideas, the content and methods of the study, and the innovation of the paper. On the basis of the comprehensive literature on the migration of the rural population, the rural land use, the agricultural development, the rural land system and the land market, the domestic rural population withdrawal and the land system reform are made. The second chapter is the relationship between the rural population withdrawal and the farmland system. First, it analyzes the connotation and necessity of rural population withdrawal, and then analyzes the agricultural land system and the rural population withdrawal and rural land system. The analysis results show that the traditional population flow theory does not explain the exit of the rural population in China. This paper revise the Todaro model from the perspective of rural population withdrawal, and conclude that the rural land system is the main restriction factor for the withdrawal of the rural population. This restriction is produced by the change of rural land's function to the rural population. With the development of economy and society and the change of farmers' income level, rural land is no longer simple for rural population to have the function of production and guarantee, but also has property function. In the high income stage, the demand for property function is increasing rapidly and becoming the main new demand. Because of the land withdrawal, the lack of transaction link system has been affected. The realization of the function of rural land property affects the decision of the migration of the rural population, and also makes the traditional population flow theory lack certain explanatory power under the background of the special system in China. The third chapter is the exit status of the rural population under the current rural land system. It is a summary of the current rural land and land system (including agricultural land and construction land). On the basis of the exiting, the current situation and problems of the rural population exit in China are further analyzed. The results show that the rural population withdrew about 8 million 500 thousand annually in 1991-2012 years, and there was a large number of rural semi withdrawing population in the process of withdrawal, the total exit of the population was less, the property could not be effectively changed, the social security system was not perfect, and the passive type was withdrawn. In the end, it analyzes the current rural ownership system, the rural land use and circulation system, the rural land income distribution system, the adaptability of the rural land management system to the rural population withdrawal. The fourth chapter analyses the system demand of the rural population withdrawal to the rural land system reform. The questionnaire survey data in Hubei For the sample, first analysis of migrant workers and family withdrawal will, and then use Logistic regression model to analyze the related factors of migrant workers' exit, and finally analyze the needs of rural migrant workers' exit related land policy. The results show that nearly 1/3 of the migrant workers and families have the desire to exit, and have the greatest shadow for the willingness of migrant workers to transfer to the households. The factor of the noise is whether to pay attention to the exit compensation policy (whether there is the policy of withdrawing compensation), the next is the per capita contracted land area, the third is the form of contracted land use, the fourth is whether there is the waste situation of the contracted land in the hometown, the fifth is the geographical environment of the old family, the sixth is the working time, and the seventh is the home residence. The external conditions of the migrant workers are due to the external conditions. It includes policy factors, contract land factors and family location factors have a significant impact on their exit intention, and individual factors have a weak impact on their exit intention. The results show that migrant workers have strong contractual and homestead turnover intention, and the income and compensation of land transfer and land transfer "property". The realization demand of income right is strong. Some peasant workers have the desire and demand of land withdrawal. The fifth chapter is an empirical analysis of rural land system innovation and rural population withdrawal. The main innovation mode of rural land system since the reform and opening up is to promote industrialization, urbanization and scale management. At the point of view and foothold in the direction of the market, the income rights are clearly defined, and the farmers have gained some value-added income. From the trend of development, the main innovation model has the trend of convergence to a certain extent. The results show that the Chengdu model, the Chongqing model and the Zhejiang model have the best comprehensive performance, which are ranked in the top three, and their people exit the effect. But the results are better. However, there are differences in the effect of a variety of major land system innovation. "Homestead for housing, contract for social security", "collective construction land replacement of urban construction land indicators", "land bank", "land market" and other modes of population withdrawal is very good, "land contract for a long time", "two field system", " The model of homestead transfer is beneficial to the exit of the rural population, "land share cooperation" and "collective construction land into the city" model, the effect of population withdrawal is general, and the effect of population withdrawal is better in the long run. Finally, on the basis of the cluster analysis of 31 provinces and cities, the land innovation model of rural population withdrawing from various areas is divided. In the sixth chapter, we put forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the reform of the rural land system to promote the withdrawal of rural population. At the present stage, the reform of the rural land system should be based on improving the collective ownership of rural land and promoting the withdrawal of rural population as the main direction. The collective land circulation, establish and improve the rural social security system, and guide the rational development of the land reform model of all kinds of population exit to promote the smooth exit of the rural population. Finally, the protection measures to protect the related rights and interests of the rural population after the exit are put forward.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F321.1;F323.6

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