中国农村劳动力转移研究

发布时间：2018-06-30 18:20

本文选题：农村劳动力转移 + 制度变迁　；参考：《复旦大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：在工业化进程中,传统农业产业与现代非农产业之间的相对收入差异,诱使农业劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移,农业劳动力的转移,是农民追求自身利益最大化的理性选择的结果,也是世界各国工业化、城镇化的普遍趋势。促进农业剩余劳动力转移,是加快推进工业化、城镇化和农业现代化的必然要求。拉美发展中国家的农民可以根据自己的意愿和能力,自主选择向城镇迁移定居。与此不同,我国劳动力城乡分割的管理体制及其一系列制度,成为农业劳动力转移的森严壁垒,改革与变迁相应的体制与制度,才能促进农村劳动力的自主转移。改革开放30多年来,随着制度变迁,我国农业剩余劳动力转移取得了巨大成就：2009年全国农村劳动力外出务工1.45亿人,占城镇从业人数的46.7%,加上就地转移的0.85亿人,农民工总量为2.3亿人,已占我国农业劳动力总数的49.1%和全国工人总量的2/3以上,农民工已成为我国产业工人的主体,为推动经济社会发展做出了巨大贡献。但我们应清楚看到,农业剩余劳动力转移任重道远,面临复杂情况。一方面,我国劳动力转移进入“总量过剩、结构短缺”的年轻劳动力有限供给的新阶段,尚有近亿农村剩余劳动力有待转移；另一方面,新制度供给不足,农民工应有权益得不到保障、待遇不公等问题仍然十分突出,入城定居阻力重重,已成为影响农村劳动力可持续转移的顽症,危及社会稳定。因此,如何面对我国农村劳动力转移中出现的新情况和突出问题,有效推进农民工权益保障的制度化建设,是促进农村劳动力可持续转移面临的一个iu待解决的重大现实课题。本文对此的深入研究,不仅对从制度这个根本上切实保障农民工应有权益,促进农村劳动力的可持续转移,而且对解决“三农”问题、消除城乡二元结构,维护社会稳定,均具有重要的现实意义。国外劳动力转移理论,将不存在迁移的制度障碍的发达国家或拉美发展中国家的农村劳动力转移作为研究对象,因而,制度对劳动力转移影响问题没有进入他们的研究视野,成为该理论的“缺项”。本文从我国市场经济制度不完善、劳动力流动存在明显的制度障碍这一国情出发,来研究农村劳动力的转移,这在一定程度上弥补了国外劳动力转移理论的缺陷。而且,本文从动态的制度变迁视角,较深入系统地研究了我国农村劳动力转移面临的问题与对策,补充了目前国内静态研究为主的不足。本文从制度变迁视角进入,研究我国农村劳动力转移问题,旨在探索“促进我国农村劳动力可持续转移,应该进行怎样的制度变迁或制度安排”,围绕这一研究目的,首先,确定了将劳动力转移理论与新制度经济理论融合起来,形成对我国农村劳动力转移问题研究的新视角。其次,通过实证分析,揭示三十多年来我国政府主导的促进农村劳动力转移的制度变迁的历程、特征与不足；分析目前我国农村劳动力转移的新变化与农民工面临的主要问题及其制度原因；最后,依据目前农民工面临的主要问题与制度缺失,提出了促进我国农村劳动力可持续转移的制度安排构想。全文分三篇九章展开研究：第一章导言。主要论述了选题背景与意义；论文的逻辑框架与研究方法；并对相关概念的内涵作了界定；对论文可能性的主要创新点与不足作了自我评估。第一篇,基础理论研究篇,分三章论述：一是劳动力转移理论。第二章在大量的文献检索、整理与评述的基础上,将已有的劳动力转移理论研究成果,作为本文研究可资借鉴的基础理论,与此同时,摸清该理论研究现状、前沿问题及薄弱环节,为本文研究从制度视角进入找到依据。二是制度变迁理论。第三章对旧制度学派、新制度学派、新自由主义经济学派有关代表人物的制度变迁理论,以及马克思主义的制度变迁理论,分别作了概述与简评。三是实现农业劳动力转移的两个基本条件的理论。第四章主要论证了“非农产业的发展对农业劳动力吸纳”,是实现农业剩余劳动力转移的必要条件；制度直接制约着农业剩余劳动力能否转移与能够怎样转移的程度,因而对阻滞转移旧制度进行改革与变迁,是实现农业剩余劳动力转移的充分条件。这两个基本条件理论,为以后各章尤其第九章的研究,从这两个基本条件入手展开分析,提供了理论依据。第二篇,作为实证分析篇,共分四章展开实证分析研究。第五-六章,侧重于我国农村劳动力转移的制度变迁的实证研究。主要对改革开放30多年来,我国农村劳动力转移的制度变迁轨迹、特征、路径依赖与利益博弈,以及制度变迁存在的缺陷等问题进行实证分析与研究,并阐述了地方政府对中央政府流动政策的变通行为与执行偏差的原因。第七章,对当前农业劳动力转移的新变化和主要特征作实证分析。认为“新变化”集中体现在：我国劳动力转移进入了年轻劳动力有限供给的新阶段；新生代农民工已成为现阶段农民工的主体,并归纳分析了总量、人口学、流向、流动“周期性”和流动“宿愿”等五个特征。第八章,主要从制度视角,对当前农民工面临的主要问题及其制度缺失,作进一步的实证分析。认为当前农民工面临的困境的根源仍在于制度缺失：包括维护农民工权益仍缺乏必要的制度安排；某些制度设计有缺陷,使其发挥不了应有作用；某些新制度安排事实上没很好实行,也是一种制度缺失；某些制度安排没有突破制度环境的制约,不能从根本上解决问题；维护农民工权益的制度安排,仍停留在政策、规定层次,尚缺乏法律、法规的完整有效保护。第三篇,对策探索篇,即第九章。从“农民工权益保障制度化,促进转移”,以及“制定相应的产业政策,促使非农产业吸纳更多劳动力,促进转移”这两个方面入手,对促进转移的制度安排提出了自己的构想。 “保障农民工权益,促进转移”的制度安排设计,主要针对目前农村劳动转移所面临的主要问题与困难,从六个方面切入：必须建立与完善农民工公平合理的工资制度,这是当前维护农民工权益最重要的一项制度安排；建立统一的社会保障制度和公共服务体系,使农民工享有公平待遇的权利；建立和健全城乡一体化的劳动力就业服务制度,为农民工的就业机会均等化和就业能力的提高创造制度条件；加快户籍制度改革,逐步解决城镇落户定居问题；增强农民工维权的立法强度,提高执行力度,以确保新制度的落实到位；造就包容的城市人文环境,促进农民工融入城市生活。制定促进非农产业吸纳更多劳动力的产业政策应包括：支持劳动密集型和服务型产业发展的政策；扶植中小企业的政策；鼓励劳动密集型产业由东部沿海向中西部转移的政策；鼓励和扶植农民工回乡创业政策；促进大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的政策等。
[Abstract]:In the process of industrialization , the relative income difference between the traditional agricultural industry and the modern non - agricultural industry induces the transfer of the agricultural labor force to the non - agricultural industry and the towns and the transfer of the agricultural labor force . It is the result of the rational choice of the farmers pursuing their own interests and the general trend of the industrialization and urbanization of the countries in the world .

In Latin America , farmers in developing countries can choose to resettle in towns according to their wishes and abilities . In contrast , the management system and a series of systems of urban and rural separation in our country form a strong barrier to the transfer of agricultural labor force , and the corresponding system and system can be reformed and changed in order to promote the autonomous transfer of rural labor force .

Over the past 30 years since the reform and opening - up , with the institutional change , the transfer of surplus rural labor in our country has made great achievements . In 2009 , China ' s rural labor force went out by 145 million people , accounting for 48.7 % of the total number of workers in the country and 2 / 3 of the total number of workers in the country . However , we should clearly see that the transfer of surplus labor force in China has become the main body of our country , and it is confronted with the complicated situation . On the one hand , China ' s labor force shifts into a new stage of limited supply of young labor force with a surplus of surplus and structure , and there are still more than 1 billion rural surplus labor force to be transferred ;
On the other hand , the insufficiency of the new system , the lack of security of the rural migrant workers , the unequal treatment and the like , are still outstanding , and the settlement resistance of the migrant workers has become a serious realistic subject which affects the sustainable transfer of rural labor force . Therefore , how to effectively guarantee the sustainable transfer of rural labor force is to promote the sustainable transfer of rural labor force , and to solve the problem of " three peasants " , to eliminate the dual structure of urban and rural areas and to maintain social stability .

This paper studies the transfer of rural labor force from the perspective of the imperfect market economy system and the obvious institutional obstacle of labor mobility . This paper studies the problems and countermeasures of the transfer of rural labor force in our country from the perspective of dynamic institutional change , and supplements the shortage of current domestic static research .

From the perspective of institutional change , this paper studies the transfer of rural labor force in our country , and aims at exploring how to promote the sustainable transfer of rural labor force in our country .
This paper analyzes the new changes of rural labor transfer in China and the main problems faced by migrant workers and their institutional reasons .
Finally , according to the main problems and the lack of system , this paper puts forward the idea of promoting the sustainable transfer of rural labor force in China .

The full text is divided into three chapters :

The first chapter introduces the background and significance of the topic selection .
The logical framework and research methods of the thesis ;
The connotation of the concept is also defined .
The main innovation points and shortcomings of the paper ' s possibility are self - assessed .

The first , basic theory research , divided into three chapters :

One is the theory of labor transfer . In chapter 2 , based on a great deal of literature search , compilation and comment , the research results of labor transfer theory have been studied as the basic theory to be used for reference in this paper . At the same time , we find out the present situation , frontier problems and weak links of the theory research , and find the basis for the study of this paper from the system perspective .

The third chapter provides an overview and brief review on the theory of institutional change of representative figures in the old system school , the new institutional school , the neo - liberal economic school , and the theory of Marxism ' s institutional change .

The fourth chapter mainly demonstrates that the development of the non - agricultural industry is a necessary condition to realize the transfer of agricultural surplus labor force .
The system directly restricts the transfer of surplus labor force and how it can be transferred . Therefore , it is a sufficient condition to reform and change the old system of block transfer , which is a sufficient condition to realize the transfer of agricultural surplus labor force .

The second part , as an empirical analysis , is divided into four chapters to carry out positive analysis .

The fifth - sixth chapter focuses on the empirical research on the institutional change of rural labor transfer in China .

Chapter 7 : A positive analysis of the new changes and main characteristics of the current transfer of agricultural labor force . It is suggested that the " new change " is embodied in the new stage of the limited supply of the young labor force in our country ;
The new generation of migrant workers has become the main body of the migrant workers at present , and concludes five characteristics , such as the total quantity , the population , the flow direction , the flow " periodicity " and the " lodging " .

Chapter 8 , mainly from the institutional perspective , has made further empirical analysis on the main problems faced by the migrant workers and the lack of their system , and it is believed that the root causes of the plight of the migrant workers are still missing : including the lack of necessary institutional arrangements for the maintenance of the rights and interests of migrant workers ;
Some systems are designed with defects , which can not play a proper role ;
Certain new institutional arrangements are in fact not well implemented , and are also a lack of a system ;
Some institutional arrangements do not break through the system environment , and can ' t solve the problem fundamentally ;
The system arrangement of protecting the rights and interests of migrant workers still remains in the policy , lays down the hierarchy , still lacks the complete and effective protection of laws and regulations .

In the third chapter , the author puts forward some ideas on the system arrangement to promote the transfer of rural migrant workers ' rights and interests , to promote the transfer , and to set up the corresponding industrial policies to promote the transfer of more labor force and promote the transfer of non - agricultural industries .

The system arrangement design of " safeguard the rights and interests of migrant workers and promote the transfer " is mainly aimed at the main problems and difficulties faced by the current rural labor transfer , from six aspects : it is necessary to establish and perfect the fair and reasonable wage system of the migrant workers , which is the most important system arrangement for the current maintenance of the rights and interests of migrant workers ;
To establish a unified social security system and public service system , so that migrant workers enjoy the right to fair treatment ;
To establish and perfect the labor employment service system of urban and rural integration , to create system conditions for the equalization of employment opportunities and the improvement of employment ability of migrant workers ;
Speeding up the reform of the household registration system and gradually solving the settlement of the settlement of towns and towns ;
To strengthen the legislative strength of the rights of the migrant workers , and to improve the enforcement force to ensure that the implementation of the new system is in place ;
Bring up an inclusive city ' s human environment and promote the integration of migrant workers into the city life .

The formulation of industrial policies for the promotion of more labour in non - agricultural industries should include : policies to support the development of labour - intensive and service - oriented industries ;
Policy of fostering small and medium - sized enterprises ;
Policies to encourage labour - intensive industries to shift from the eastern coast to the Midwest ;
To encourage and foster rural migrant workers to return home entrepreneurship policies ;
Policies to promote the coordinated development of small and medium - sized cities and small towns .
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：F323.6

【引证文献】