我国民事法律援助制度研究

发布时间：2018-08-11 19:14

【摘要】：法律援助制度诞生于英国,二十世纪末开始在我国建立。它强调国家从政府责任出发,为了维护司法公正,保障法律面前人人平等,促进社会稳定和谐发展,向经济困难的当事人提供免费的法律服务,帮助其行使诉讼权利和其他权利。我国的法律援助制度包括刑事、民事和行政法律援助,而相对刑事、行政法律援助而言,民事法律援助制度在平等保护公民的基本人权,充分维护弱势群体的合法权益,实现"接近正义"的司法理念,完善平等程序权利的实施机制,健全社会法制以及社会保障体制,促进社会稳定和谐发展等诸多方面都发挥着现实功能,具有着深远意义。随着我国市场经济的高速发展和城镇化脚步的加快以及阶段性贫富差距的凸显,社会贫困弱势群体的维权困难现象亟需得到解决。而在依法治国的大背景下,我国民事审判程序正积极的由职权主义向当事人主义的诉讼模式转变,这就对参与诉讼当事人的法律知识和专业化的诉讼技能有着更高的要求,而对于经济条件差的贫困弱势群体而言则既不熟悉法律知识,更不掌握诉讼技巧,该群体民事诉讼权利的保障亟需专业的法律服务,面对律师服务的有偿性产生的障碍,民事法律援助制度的健全和完善就更显得尤为重要。但自该制度建立至今的20多年的时间里,相对于经济水平的飞跃性发展,我国民事法律援助制度的发展却是相对滞后的。究其原因,是相关立法不健全、配套的具体实施措施不完善、资金保障的缺乏、人力资源的匮乏等诸多因素共同导致的。作为一项"阳光工程",如何让该制度走出发展的瓶颈期,是我们应该予以关注和重视的。但相较法学理论界对发展较成熟的刑事法律援助制度的深入研究而言,目前对民事法律援助制度的研究却显得粗浅和滞后,基于这种现状,本文从我国民事法律援助的内涵、运行状况、现存问题、域外经验以及合理化建议五个方面入手,以民事法律援助制度的基本理论为出发点,以民事法律援助制度的实际运行状况如民事法律援助制度的主体、范围、程序、资金、质量监督等为研究对象,通过对我国该制度的实践中上述方面所产生的问题进行分析和总结同时与域外发达国家的相关制度进行对比与经验借鉴,最后从立法以及具体实施制度两个层面对我国民事法律援助制度提出了相关的完善建议,即一方面从宏观的立法角度提出提高立法层级并建立基层相关配套的法律援助法规体系的建议,另一方面更从微观的具体制度完善角度提出了如何拓展多样性的民事援助的参与主体、扩大民事援助范围、拓展经费保障渠道、建立案件质量监督机制、建立民事法律援助与法院及检察院协调机制、探索治理现代化的具体建议。以期抛砖引玉,让民事法律援助制度的发展得到更多更广泛的关注。
[Abstract]:The legal aid system was established in Britain at the end of the 20th century. It emphasizes that the State, proceeding from the responsibility of the Government, in order to safeguard judicial justice, guarantee equality before the law, promote social stability and harmonious development, and provide free legal services to the parties in financial difficulties, To assist in the exercise of litigation and other rights. China's legal aid system includes criminal, civil and administrative legal aid. Compared with criminal and administrative legal aid, civil legal aid system protects citizens' basic human rights on an equal footing and fully protects the legitimate rights and interests of vulnerable groups. Realizing the judicial concept of "approaching justice", perfecting the implementation mechanism of equal procedural rights, perfecting the social legal system and social security system, promoting the social stability and harmonious development, and so on, all play a practical role and have far-reaching significance. With the rapid development of the market economy, the acceleration of urbanization and the prominent gap between the rich and the poor, the difficulty of protecting the rights of the disadvantaged groups in society needs to be solved. Under the background of ruling the country according to law, the civil trial procedure in our country is changing actively from the doctrine of authority to the mode of litigant doctrine, which has higher requirements for the legal knowledge and specialized litigation skills of the parties involved in the litigation. For the poor and disadvantaged groups with poor economic conditions, they are not familiar with legal knowledge, nor do they master litigation skills. The protection of the civil litigation rights of this group needs professional legal services, and they face the obstacles caused by the compensability of lawyers' services. The perfection and perfection of civil legal aid system is especially important. However, in the more than 20 years since the establishment of the system, the development of the civil legal aid system in China has lagged behind the rapid development of the economic level. The reason is that the relevant legislation is not perfect, the specific implementation measures are not perfect, the lack of funds, the lack of human resources, and so on. As a "sunshine project", we should pay attention to how to let the system out of the bottleneck period of development. However, compared with the deep research on the development of the more mature criminal legal aid system in the field of legal theory, the current research on the civil legal aid system appears to be superficial and lagged behind. Based on this situation, this paper starts with the connotation of civil legal aid in our country. Starting with the basic theory of the civil legal aid system and the actual operation condition of the civil legal aid system, such as the subject of the civil legal aid system, five aspects such as the operation status, the extant problems, the extraterritorial experience and the rationalization suggestion are taken as the starting point and the basic theory of the civil legal aid system as the starting point. Scope, procedure, capital, quality supervision and so on as the research object, through the analysis and summary of the problems arising from the above aspects in the practice of this system in our country, at the same time, it is compared with the relevant systems of the overseas developed countries and experiences are used for reference. Finally, from the two aspects of legislation and specific implementation of the system of civil legal aid in China to put forward relevant suggestions to improve, That is, on the one hand, from the macroscopic legislative point of view, it proposes to raise the legislative level and establish a relevant supporting legal aid legal system at the grass-roots level. On the other hand, from the point of view of perfecting the micro specific system, this paper puts forward how to expand the participation of diverse civil assistance, expand the scope of civil assistance, expand the channels of funds guarantee, and establish the case quality supervision mechanism. To establish the coordination mechanism of civil legal aid with the courts and procuratorates, and to explore the concrete suggestions for the modernization of governance. With a view to the development of civil legal aid system to get more and more extensive attention.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D926.5

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