基于典型扶贫项目考察的贫困救助对策研究
发布时间：2019-05-16 00:54
【摘要】：贫困是世界各国面临的共同挑战。我国是世界上人口第一大国,长期饱受农村贫困问题的困扰。改革开放以来,通过体制改革和制度创新,我国农村反贫困取得了辉煌的成就。截止2014年,农村贫困人口还有7017万,主要分布在14个集中连片特困区。2013年,政府提出"精准扶贫"战略,宣布要在2020年使现有贫困人口全部脱贫,从而消除绝对贫困。因此,分析当前我国扶贫领域存在的问题并针对性地给出提高扶贫成效的建议,具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文选择东西扶贫协作中闽宁协作项目、贫困农村社区发展项目和清华教育扶贫项目进行对比分析。东西扶贫协作是我国政府基于东西地区发展极不平衡的状况而采取的有中国特色的贫困治理模式。此模式体现了我国在扶贫开发领域的创新性和独特性,同时,其在实施过程中显露的问题,更是普遍存在于当前自上而下的项目扶贫开发方式中。本文研究发现,闽宁扶贫协作在实施过程中的主要问题是缺乏制度保障、贫困人口的识别排斥和项目排斥。精准扶贫战略的前提就是要精确识别人口,消除贫困人口的排斥问题。贫困农村社区发展项目全程采用参与式扶贫方式,致力于帮助最贫困、最偏远的村民和残疾群众。参与式方式由国际扶贫项目引进我国,其核心在于政府向贫困农民"赋权",进而保证农民参与项目的规划、实施和监督管理过程。分析表明,参与式扶贫方式可以有效识别最贫困人口,并显著提高其收入水平。但是其所需人力物力更多,对当地政府扶贫工作人员的要求更高,在实际实施过程中还存在许多问题。其中,贫困农民思想落后、参与意识不够、知识水平不高是影响参与式扶贫方式发挥最大扶贫成效的重要因素。教育扶贫可以阻断贫困代际传递,可以说是最根本的扶贫措施。本文通过梳理我国教育扶贫现状发现,我国的教育扶贫在理论研究和实践方面都严重落后于贫困地区对教育的迫切需求。近年来,虽然政府和社会在教育扶贫领域做了大量努力,以清华大学为代表的高校依据自身优势开展了富有成效的教育扶贫探索,但是由于资金长期投入不足,西部贫困地区的文盲率远远高于全国平均水平,教育硬件设施落后,师资力量不足。基于以上分析,本文建议全面推广参与式扶贫方式来精确识别贫困人口并建立动态管理机制。继续坚持并加强东西扶贫协作,从制度上保障政府间资源的横向转移。继续加大农村教育和医疗的资金投入,并健全当前农村社会保障体系。
[Abstract]:Poverty is a common challenge facing all countries in the world. China is the most populous country in the world, suffering from the problem of rural poverty for a long time. Since the reform and opening up, through system reform and institutional innovation, China's rural anti-poverty has made brilliant achievements. As of 2014, there are still 70.17 million poor people in rural areas, mainly distributed in 14 concentrated special hardship areas. In 2013, the government put forward the strategy of "precision poverty alleviation", announcing that it will lift all the existing poor people out of poverty by 2020, thereby eliminating absolute poverty. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to analyze the existing problems in the field of poverty alleviation in China and give some suggestions to improve the effectiveness of poverty alleviation. This paper selects the East-West Poverty Alleviation Cooperation Project, the Poor Rural Community Development Project and the Tsinghua Education Poverty Alleviation Project for comparative analysis. East-West Poverty Alleviation Cooperation is a poverty control model with Chinese characteristics adopted by the Chinese government based on the unbalanced development of the East-West region. This model reflects the innovation and uniqueness of our country in the field of poverty alleviation and development, and at the same time, the problems exposed in the process of implementation generally exist in the current top-down project poverty alleviation and development mode. In this paper, it is found that the main problems in the implementation of poverty alleviation and cooperation in Fujian and Ningxia are the lack of institutional guarantee, the identification and exclusion of the poor population and the exclusion of projects. The premise of accurate poverty alleviation strategy is to accurately identify the population and eliminate the exclusion of the poor. The poor rural community development project adopts a participatory approach to poverty alleviation and is committed to helping the poorest and most remote villagers and people with disabilities. The core of the participatory approach introduced into China by the international poverty alleviation project lies in the "empowerment" of the government to the poor farmers, so as to ensure the farmers to participate in the planning, implementation and supervision of the project. The analysis shows that the participatory poverty alleviation method can effectively identify the poorest people and significantly improve their income level. However, it needs more manpower and material resources, and requires more local government staff to help the poor, and there are still many problems in the actual implementation process. Among them, the backward thought of poor farmers, the lack of participation consciousness and the low level of knowledge are the important factors that affect the maximum effectiveness of poverty alleviation in the way of participating in poverty alleviation. Education poverty alleviation can block the intergenerational transmission of poverty, which can be said to be the most fundamental poverty alleviation measures. By combing the present situation of education poverty alleviation in our country, it is found that the theoretical research and practice of education poverty alleviation in our country lag behind the urgent demand for education in poor areas. In recent years, although the government and society have made a lot of efforts in the field of education poverty alleviation, colleges and universities represented by Tsinghua University have carried out fruitful exploration of education poverty alleviation according to their own advantages, but due to the lack of investment in funds for a long time, The illiteracy rate in the poor areas of western China is much higher than the national average, the educational hardware facilities are backward, and the teachers are insufficient. Based on the above analysis, this paper suggests to promote the participation of poverty alleviation in an all-round way to accurately identify the poor and establish a dynamic management mechanism. We will continue to adhere to and strengthen cooperation between poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation between the East and the West, and systematically ensure the horizontal transfer of intergovernmental resources. We will continue to increase investment in rural education and medical care, and improve the current rural social security system.
【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D632.1
本文编号：2477895
[Abstract]:Poverty is a common challenge facing all countries in the world. China is the most populous country in the world, suffering from the problem of rural poverty for a long time. Since the reform and opening up, through system reform and institutional innovation, China's rural anti-poverty has made brilliant achievements. As of 2014, there are still 70.17 million poor people in rural areas, mainly distributed in 14 concentrated special hardship areas. In 2013, the government put forward the strategy of "precision poverty alleviation", announcing that it will lift all the existing poor people out of poverty by 2020, thereby eliminating absolute poverty. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to analyze the existing problems in the field of poverty alleviation in China and give some suggestions to improve the effectiveness of poverty alleviation. This paper selects the East-West Poverty Alleviation Cooperation Project, the Poor Rural Community Development Project and the Tsinghua Education Poverty Alleviation Project for comparative analysis. East-West Poverty Alleviation Cooperation is a poverty control model with Chinese characteristics adopted by the Chinese government based on the unbalanced development of the East-West region. This model reflects the innovation and uniqueness of our country in the field of poverty alleviation and development, and at the same time, the problems exposed in the process of implementation generally exist in the current top-down project poverty alleviation and development mode. In this paper, it is found that the main problems in the implementation of poverty alleviation and cooperation in Fujian and Ningxia are the lack of institutional guarantee, the identification and exclusion of the poor population and the exclusion of projects. The premise of accurate poverty alleviation strategy is to accurately identify the population and eliminate the exclusion of the poor. The poor rural community development project adopts a participatory approach to poverty alleviation and is committed to helping the poorest and most remote villagers and people with disabilities. The core of the participatory approach introduced into China by the international poverty alleviation project lies in the "empowerment" of the government to the poor farmers, so as to ensure the farmers to participate in the planning, implementation and supervision of the project. The analysis shows that the participatory poverty alleviation method can effectively identify the poorest people and significantly improve their income level. However, it needs more manpower and material resources, and requires more local government staff to help the poor, and there are still many problems in the actual implementation process. Among them, the backward thought of poor farmers, the lack of participation consciousness and the low level of knowledge are the important factors that affect the maximum effectiveness of poverty alleviation in the way of participating in poverty alleviation. Education poverty alleviation can block the intergenerational transmission of poverty, which can be said to be the most fundamental poverty alleviation measures. By combing the present situation of education poverty alleviation in our country, it is found that the theoretical research and practice of education poverty alleviation in our country lag behind the urgent demand for education in poor areas. In recent years, although the government and society have made a lot of efforts in the field of education poverty alleviation, colleges and universities represented by Tsinghua University have carried out fruitful exploration of education poverty alleviation according to their own advantages, but due to the lack of investment in funds for a long time, The illiteracy rate in the poor areas of western China is much higher than the national average, the educational hardware facilities are backward, and the teachers are insufficient. Based on the above analysis, this paper suggests to promote the participation of poverty alleviation in an all-round way to accurately identify the poor and establish a dynamic management mechanism. We will continue to adhere to and strengthen cooperation between poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation between the East and the West, and systematically ensure the horizontal transfer of intergovernmental resources. We will continue to increase investment in rural education and medical care, and improve the current rural social security system.
【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D632.1
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