涂尔干的社会观与现代个体的林中路

发布时间：2018-01-16 22:23

本文关键词：涂尔干的社会观与现代个体的林中路　出处：《沈阳师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：进入现代社会以来,人们在体验物质生活丰富的同时,精神状况却陷入了危机。信仰对象的缺失或模糊一方面造成了个体生活方向上的迷惘。另一方面,陷入迷惘的人们因为缺少以信仰为基础的行动规范,失范行为频频发生。功利主义原则不仅被蔓延到经济、政治制度的设置原则当中,甚至也几乎充满了日常生活。人与人之间的关系建立在“快乐原则”之上。然而,当人们几乎将功利主义原则奉为日常生活的最高准则时,功利主义鼓吹者们的许诺却并没有减少现代人精神上的贫瘠与荒凉。甚至,在一定意义上,正是功利主义原则将人们在日常生活中的道德目标变得单一和纯粹,继而,无法被抵消的对生命“乏味”的厌倦一次次将人们导向虚无的冲动之中。着眼于人类幸福的功利主义却在现代人精神危机的状况下起到了推波助澜的作用。然而,无意义的时代并没有最后的湮没现代人寻找绝对意义的努力。现代人的精神危机状况并不是近些年来的新鲜现象。事实上,从19世纪末20世纪初开始,一些时代的先驱们就已经对这一状况进行分析与解读,甚至提出了他们宝贵的思想遗产。本文正是在这个意义上引入涂尔干的社会观,目的在于通过对涂尔干思想变化的探究,回答在现代人寻找信仰及建立在其基础上的规范的道路上,他的“社会”是否可以作为一种可能。本文总共分为五部分。第一部分是绪言,介绍了研究的缘起与意义。并对现有的关于涂尔干研究进行了文献梳理,发现涂尔干关于现代性的论述是建立在其批判功利主义原则的基础上的。在涂尔干看来,现代人的生活危机在于功利主义原则普遍化与最终意义的缺失。第二部分首先介绍了功利主义的原则及其经验论基础,并指出这种伦理原则及其哲学基础的缺陷。在此基础上,引出涂尔干早期的社会观。通过梳理发现,尽管涂尔干强调社会的强制性与规范性,却始终难以摆脱功利主义及其理性人假设。第三部分引入著作《浮士德》与《罪与罚》,在一种特殊的经验意义上分析现代人精神困境的实质。同时,简单介绍了存在主义哲学家对于现代个体自由与信仰之路的答案,并同时指出他们可能面临的虚无主义危险。通过前三部分的探究发现,享乐的功利主义无法给予人以信仰上的指导,存在主义表现出来的极端个人主义倾向在某种意义上也将现代人带入最后的崩溃之中。因此,或许将现代人对生命意义的追寻重新引向他们自身之外的某种存在或许是一种可取方向。第四章引入了卢梭的社会哲学,分析建立在自然状态原则上的社会契约论的得与失,指出涂尔干在盛赞卢梭的“伟大创建”之后是如何在晚期关于宗教研究的思想中发现其道德个人主义原则的理论基础的。结论则是对现代社会的一种反思。
[Abstract]:In modern society, people in the experience of rich material life at the same time, mental state is in danger. The lack of belief object or fuzzy hand caused by the individual life direction of the confusion. On the other hand, people lost because of a lack of faith based action norms, the anomie of utilitarianism occur frequently. The principle is not only spread to the economy, setting principles of political system, even almost full of daily life. The relationship between people based on the "pleasure principle". However, when people almost is the highest criterion for utilitarianism in daily life, utilitarianism advocates promise did not reduce the modern spirit of the barren and desolate. Even, in a sense, it is the principle of utilitarianism to people in daily life become single and pure moral goal, then, no Law is offset to life "boring" tired again and will urge people oriented. Focus on the nothingness of human happiness in utilitarianism has the spiritual crisis situation has played a role in fueling. However, no significant age and no final annihilation of modern people looking for absolute efforts. Fresh phenomenon the modern people's spiritual crisis is not in recent years. In fact, from the beginning of the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century, some times have been pioneers of the situation analysis and interpretation, and put forward their valuable ideological heritage. This is the introduction of Durkheim's social in the sense of concept, objective is the research on Durkheim's thought change, answer road find faith in modern people and established on the basis of the specification, his "social" whether can be used as a general in the paper. It is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction, introduces the origin and significance of the research. The existing research on Durkheim makes a literature review, Durkheim found on modernity discourse is based on his critique of utilitarianism principle. In Durkheim's view, modern people life is the principle of utilitarianism generally lack of crisis and the final significance. The second part introduces the principle and experience of utilitarianism theory, and points out the defects of the ethical basis and principles of philosophy. On this basis, leads to stem the early social view of Durkheim. Combing through discovery, although Durkheim emphasized social norms and mandatory, but it is still difficult to get rid of the utilitarian and rational hypothesis. The third part introduced the book < Faust "and" crime and punishment ", essence of the spiritual predicament of modern people in a special significance on the experience. At the same time, simply introduces the existentialist philosopher answers to modern individual freedom and faith of the road, and also pointed out that nihilism danger they may face. By exploring the three parts, hedonistic utilitarianism cannot give people with faith guidance, extreme individualism has the tendency of Nationalism reflected in a sense of modern into the final collapse. Therefore, some people may be outside the modern meaning of life to the pursuit of their own existence may be a desirable direction. The fourth chapter introduced Rousseau's social philosophy, based on the analysis of the natural state on the principles of social contract theory and loses, Durkheim pointed out in praise Rousseau's great is how to create "in advanced research on religious thought that the moral principle of individualism theory. The conclusion is A reflection on the modern society.

【学位授予单位】：沈阳师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：C91

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