居民关系网络脱域与城市社区共同体培育

发布时间：2018-04-20 04:08

本文选题：关系网络 + 脱域　；参考：《吉林大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：在整体社会结构转型的背景下，不仅城市社会关系走上重组之路，微观的个人关系网络也开始重构。那么，作为地域性社会单元的城市社区，其结构发生了哪些变化？它是否具有共同体的性质？居民关系网络的重构是否影响、怎样影响社区的结构？基于对上述问题的追问，本文尝试在宏观社会转型背景下，以居民个体社会关系的变化对城市社区整体结构的影响为视角，探讨当代中国城市社区的结构特征，分析居民关系网络脱域对社区结构的影响，并进一步解释社区实践中的参与问题，提出社区共同体培育的行动策略。本文认为，对现实社区形态的正确认识是开展社区研究与社区实践的逻辑起点。为明确城市社区能否是共同体，本文通过对“共同体”理论的梳理指出，共同体是一种因持续互动所形成的肯定性的关系类型。在传统社会，因地域性纽带关系所形成的共同体比较普遍，但地域不是共同体的本质属性。进入现代社会以后，形成共同体的关系纽带更为丰富。而现代交通、通讯的发展，使人们的社会交往已经摆脱地域的限制向更广阔的空间发展，地域关系能否成为紧密的共同体关系纽带，或者说，城市地域社区能否成为共同体，居民内源性的共同体需求是其存在的前提，同时还在于各种社会条件的契合与培育，正如“单位社区”的历史存在。社会转型对城市社区的影响是深刻的。宏观上，随着国家与社会的分离，城市社区成为相对独立、内部联系松散的地域社会；中观层面，随着政府小型化、单位职能专业化，将溢出的社会职能下沉到地域社区；微观层面，游离的社会个体增多，自主性和流动性增强，社区成为游离于“单位”之外的社会个体的主要活动空间。社会转型不仅使社区关系开始重组，由于资源配置体制的变迁、现代社会脱域机制的作用、个人选择行为的理性化以及社会流动自由化与社会服务市场化的影响，个人关系也普遍向社区外拓展，形成各种脱域的关系网络。通过对城市社区的现实考察发现，城市社区现有结构严重缺失，社区内的联系越来越少，居民对社区难以认同，难以激发出居民的参与热情，实证研究证明当代中国城市社区的共同体性日益式微。随着高度组织化的“单位制”社会向“社区制”社会的转变，城市社区“被”历史性地赋予了整合与控制社会的功能，并且通过社区建设实现社会高度分化之后的再度整合。城市社区能否成为联结个人与社会的关系纽带，能否具有将居民组织起来的社会整合功能，关键在于社区是否具有合理的结构，社区中是否存在广泛的地域联系。就社区结构缺失、社区共同体性日益式微的事实，社区建设就是要通过对社区内共同体关系的培育来完善社区结构。而居民对完善的社区服务功能、亲密的邻里关系表现出的一致期待，是城市社区共同体培育的现实依据，也是社区建设的前提基础。本文从社会网络和结构化理论出发，详细分析了脱域的个人网络对社区结构的影响。居民关系网络脱域直接导致社区内邻里关系疏离淡化、社区组织发育不良，社区联系衰弱，致使城市社区结构缺失。居民的社区意识和社区情感难以建立，促进社区关系形成的居民社区参与普遍不足。对于居民普遍的社区参与不足这一社区发展的瓶颈问题，社会网络理论为解释居民的参与行为找到了关系结构上的依据。社会网络理论强调，行为“内嵌”于关系，个人在具体网络中所处的位置、与该网络关系的强弱、关系的重叠情况等都构成了对个人行为的不同约束。居民虽然是社区的主体，，但是居民在社区关系结构中的边缘地位决定其参与的积极性受损。在社会脱域机制的作用下，居民与社区的关系是逐渐弱化的一种社会关系。在整体社区关系中，处于社区核心位置的是社区居委会，但是由于其功能的行政化，不能作为居民权益的代表，满足居民需要能力及对居民的调动能力都十分有限，居民与居委会尚未形成稳定的结构性的联系，居民没有进入社区关系结构的核心而处于社区关系网络的边缘。居民的这种边缘位置决定了社区的现有结构对居民的约束有限，居民对自身在社区关系中的责任与义务难以形成明确的觉悟，很难形成像传统社区那样自觉主动的社区参与意识，社区参与不足成为现实社区结构下的一种必然。结构化理论强调了社会结构与人的行动之间的双向建构关系，社区结构制约居民的参与行为，社区参与行为同样具有结构建构（创造）功能。居民通过积极的社区参与会创建广泛密集的社会关系网络，社区参与过程就是社区结构的生成或重塑过程。正是由于个人关系网络脱域导致地域社区的结构出现缺失，不完善的社区结构制约了居民的社区参与行为，造成普遍的参与不足。在居民缺少参与热情的情况下，参与行为重塑下的社区横向关系结构难以形成。而社区中最能体现共同体特征的就是横向的社会关系。城市社区共同体性日益式微，以及脱域共同体的普遍存在，并不意味着社区共同体关系的完全丧失。地域性的社会关联始终是存在的，而且具有不可替代的存在价值。针对居民关系网络脱域的影响，本文提出，以社区内源性共同体潜力为基础，通过复苏邻里关系，唤醒共同意识、挖掘共同利益，利用互联网的再地方化效应等相应建构策略，重建网络时代的新地缘，培育居民和社会需要的共同体性社区形态。时空分离作为“脱域”的初始条件，它是双向度的，即脱域的社会关系在无限时空再联结时，具有与地域性的时—空条件相契合的“再嵌入”效应。利用互联网的“再地方化”效应来进行社区内区域网络的建设，不仅开拓了居民社区参与的新渠道，而且有利于培育居民之间的地域关系。完善的社区服务是居民社区认同的前提条件，也是建立个人与社区联系的纽带，通过完善社区服务功能，可以培育丰富的“个人”与“社区”关系。和谐温馨的邻里关系是社区存在的基础，恢复与重建邻里关系，一方面是开展丰富多彩的社区活动促进居民交往；另一方面是扶植各种志愿组织促进居民互帮互助，形成稳定持久的邻里关系。公共精神的普及是建立社区意识和培养社区认同的基础，也是社区成长发育的精神基础。挖掘共同利益，社区居民之间以及居民与社区之间存在的共同利益越多越有可能发展出共同的意识。
[Abstract]:In the context of the transformation of the whole social structure, not only the urban social relationship is on the road of restructuring, but also the micro personal relationship network is also reconstructing. Then, what changes have happened to the urban community as a regional social unit? Does it have the nature of the community? Whether the reconstruction of the network of resident relations affects and how the community affects the community Based on the questions mentioned above, this paper tries to explore the structural characteristics of urban communities in contemporary China under the background of macro social transformation and the impact of the change of individual social relations on the overall structure of urban communities, to analyze the influence of the network of resident relations on the community structure, and to further explain the community practice. The action strategy of community community cultivation is put forward.
The correct understanding of the real community form is the logical starting point for the community research and community practice. In order to clarify whether the urban community is a community, this article, through the combing of the "community" theory, points out that the community is a positive relationship type formed by the continuous interaction. In the traditional society, the regional ties are linked. The community formed by the relationship is more common, but the region is not the essential attribute of the community. After entering the modern society, the relationship of the community is more rich. And the modern traffic and the development of communication have made people's social communication develop from the limits of the region to a wider space, and the regional relations can become close together. In other words, whether the urban regional community can become a community, the endogenous community needs of the residents are the premise of its existence, at the same time, it also lies in the combination and cultivation of various social conditions, just as the history of the "unit community".
The influence of social transformation on urban community is profound. On the macro level, with the separation of state and society, urban communities become relatively independent and incompact regional society. At the meso level, with the miniaturization of the government and the specialization of the unit functions, the overflow of social functions will sink to the regional community; the micro level, the free social individual increases. The community becomes the main space for social individuals outside the "unit". The social transformation not only makes the community relations reorganized, because of the changes in the allocation system of resources, the role of the modern social depot mechanism, the rationalization of individual choice behavior, the liberalization of social mobility and the social service city. Through the investigation of the urban community, it is found that the existing structure of the urban community is seriously missing, the relations in the community are less and less, the residents are difficult to identify with the community, and it is difficult to stimulate the enthusiasm of the residents. The empirical research proves the contemporary Chinese city. The community of the city community is declining.
With the transformation of the highly organized "unit system" society to the "community system" society, the urban community has been given the function of integrating and controlling the society historically, and reintegrating the community through the community construction. The key to the social integration function of the residents is whether the community has a reasonable structure and whether there is a wide regional connection in the community. As to the fact that the community structure is missing and the community community is declining, the community construction is to improve the community structure through the cultivation of community relations in the community. The community service function and the close expectation shown in the close neighborhood relationship are the realistic basis for the cultivation of the urban community community and the precondition for the community construction.
From the social network and the structural theory, this paper analyzes the influence of the individual network on the community structure, which leads to the desalination of the neighbourhood relations in the community, the poor development of the community and the weakness of the community connection, and the lack of the urban community structure. The community consciousness and emotion of the residents are difficult to build. The residents' community participation in community relations is generally inadequate. The social network theory has found a structural basis to explain the residents' participation in the community's bottleneck problem for the community's lack of community participation.
The social network theory emphasizes that the behavior "embedded" in the relationship, the position of the individual in the specific network, the strength of the relationship with the network, the overlapping of the relationship, etc. all constitute the different constraints to the individual behavior. Although the residents are the main body of the community, the residents' Marginalization in the community structure determines the enthusiasm of their participation. Under the role of social de domain mechanism, the relationship between residents and community is a gradual weakening of social relations. In the whole community relationship, the community neighborhood committee is the core of the community, but because of its administrative function, it can not be the representative of the residents' rights and interests, the ability of full residents and the ability to mobilize the residents is ten The residents and the neighborhood committees have not yet formed a stable structural connection, the residents have not entered the core of the community relations structure and are at the edge of the community relations network. This marginal position of the residents determines that the existing structure of the community is limited to the constraints of the residents, and the residents' responsibilities and obligations in their community relations are difficult to form. It is difficult to imagine the conscious participation of the traditional community in community consciousness, and the lack of community participation is a necessity under the reality of the community structure.
Structural theory emphasizes the two-way construction relationship between social structure and human action. Community structure restricts the participation behavior of residents. Community participation behavior also has structural construction (creation) function. Residents will create a wide and dense social relations network through active community participation, and community participation is the generation of community structure. It is the process of reshaping. It is the loss of the structure of the regional community because of the deletion of the personal relationship network. The imperfect community structure restricts the participation behavior of the residents, resulting in the lack of general participation. Horizontal social relations can reflect the characteristics of the community.
The decline of community community in urban communities, as well as the universal existence of the community, does not mean the complete loss of community community relations. Regional social connections are always existing and have irreplaceable value. In view of the influence of the network of residents' relationship network, this paper puts forward the potential of community endogenous community as the potential of community community. On the basis of reviving neighbourhood relations, awakening common consciousness, excavating common interests, using the corresponding construction strategy of the Internet, reconstructing the new geopolitics of the network age and cultivating community form of the needs of the residents and the society.
As the initial condition of "dedomain", space-time separation is bi-directional, that is, when the social relations of the depot are reconnected in the infinite time and space, it has the "re embedding" effect that corresponds to the regional time and space condition. The new channel is conducive to the cultivation of regional relations between the residents. The perfect community service is the prerequisite for the community identity of the residents. It is also the link between the individual and the community. Through the improvement of the community service function, the rich "individual" and "community" relationship can be cultivated. The harmonious and warm neighbourhood relationship is the existence of the community. On the one hand, the restoration and reconstruction of the neighbourhood, on the one hand, is to carry out rich and colorful community activities to promote the interaction of the residents; on the other hand, to foster the various voluntary organizations to promote the mutual help and mutual assistance and to form a stable and lasting neighborhood relationship. The popularization of the public spirit is the foundation of establishing community consciousness and cultivating community identity, and also the development and development of the community. The more common interests we have, the more common interests we have among our community residents and between residents and communities, the more likely they are to develop common sense.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：C916

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