近代以来中国人孝观念的嬗变

发布时间：2018-04-24 03:24

  本文选题：孝道 + 社会转型　； 参考：《南京大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：100年前,一位名叫何德兰的美国传教士,在《中国的家庭生活》中写道:"以孝作为所有社会与伦理体系的基石,是整个中国文明的根本原则。如果不能深知孝是所有中国人家庭、社会、宗教和公民生活的基础,没有人能够理解中国和中国人。"然而,作为一个表征中国文化与社会特色的本土概念,我们却很难说清孝是什么。通过对中国传统孝道文本的梳理、解读和对中国人日常生活话语与实践的考察,我们认为:孝或孝道是在中国社会和文化环境下形成的社会、组织和个人对子女及其类似身份的角色期望。或者说,孝就是由一系列特定的规范和行为模式组成的社会角色,反映了社会、组织和个人对于子女及其类似身份的行为期望,而子女及其类似身份者也依据自己的角色领会和情景定义来扮演孝的角色。作为子女的特定规范与行为模式,孝是一个内涵极其丰富的概念,几乎规定了个体一生中的所有行为,以实现资源和信息由子女向父母的正常流动。根据资源与信息流动所依赖的中介差异,我们将孝的内涵分解为赡养、照顾、尊敬、顺谏、爱护、慰藉、丧祭7个方面24项指标,分别描述孝的物质维度、身体维度、地位维度、权力维度、情感维度、扩展维度和象征维度。其中,"丧祭"旨在规范父母去世后的个体行为,对父母仅具象征意义;"慰藉"重在规范以父母之外的他人为互动对象,但可能对父母的心理状态和声誉造成潜在影响的行为,是一种"隐性孝道";"赡养"、"照顾"、"爱护"、"尊敬"、"顺谏"虽都用来规范直接以父母作为互动对象的行为,属"显性孝道",但前三者属叶光辉所谓的"相互性孝道",后两者则属"权威性孝道"。在概念分析的基础上,我们设计了《与孝相关的期刊论文编码单》、《孝道期刊故事编码单》、《中国人孝观念与行为调查问卷》,分别对随机抽取的315篇期刊论文、300篇孝道故事和1200位青岛市城乡居民进行了内容分析和问卷调查,从大传统与小传统两个视角考察了中国人孝观念的近现代嬗变。研究发现:(1)孝仍是现代中国社会普遍认可的重要道德,但与传统社会相比,孝的内涵及其地位和作用已发生了变化。首先,无论知识分子还是普通民众对"顺谏"、"丧祭"的认同都是所有内涵中最低的,而对其它内涵的认同仍然很高。然而,知识分子更加认同"赡养"、"照顾"这两个在传统社会被视为"小孝"或"下孝"的内涵,但普通民众却更加垂青"尊敬"、"慰藉"这两个被传统孝论赋予更高价值的内涵。这一区别无疑使小传统孝道蒙上了更多的传统色彩。其次,孝的政治意义弱化。再次,孝的对象由父系、夫系向母系、妻系、非亲属和国家、民族等抽象集合体扩展。(2)过去百余年间,中国的孝道变迁呈现明显的阶段性特征。从大传统来说,近代以来的孝道变迁经历了 1919年前的质疑、1919-1949年的驳杂、1949-1979年的否定和改革开放以后的复兴四个阶段。从小传统来说,则经历了 1950年代前的高认同、1960、70年代的低认同和改革开放后的复苏三个阶段。大、小传统变迁所呈现出的阶段性反复特征向我们展示了传统孝道在近代以来所经历的充满戏剧性的曲折命运。(3)近代以来的孝道变迁是社会转型条件下诸多因素共同作用的结果。研究表明,近现代中国社会的每一次剧变,都会引发激烈的孝道论争并导致孝观念的巨大变迁。这些变迁背后的推动力量很多,但最引人注目的却是国家政治生态。近代以来,国家政治精英们通过治国理念的宣称、社会政策的制订、社会运动的开展等方式,引导、影响并重塑着知识分子和民众的孝观念,左右着孝道变迁的方向与进程。
[Abstract]:100 years ago, a American missionary named He Delan wrote in China's family life that "filial piety as the cornerstone of all social and ethical systems is the fundamental principle of the whole Chinese civilization. If it is not to be known that filial piety is the basis of all Chinese families, society, religion and civil life, no one can understand China and Chinese." However, as a native concept that characterizing Chinese culture and social characteristics, it is hard to say what filial piety is. Through the combing of Chinese traditional filial piety text, reading and examining the daily life and practice of Chinese people, we think that filial piety or filial piety is a society, organization and individual in the society of China and the cultural environment. The role of children and their similar identities is expected. Or, filial piety is a social role composed of a series of specific norms and behavioural patterns, reflecting the behavior expectations of the society, organization and individual for their children and their similar identities, and children and their similar identities play the role of filial piety according to their roles and situational definitions. As a specific norm and behavior pattern of children, filial piety is an extremely rich concept, which almost stipulates all behavior in the individual's life in order to realize the normal flow of resources and information from their children to their parents. According to the intermediary differences of resources and information flow, we decompose the connotation of filial piety into support, care, respect and admonition. In the 7 aspects of love, consolation and funeral, it describes the material dimension of the filial piety, the body dimension, the status dimension, the power dimension, the emotion dimension, the expansion dimension and the symbolic dimension. Among them, "funeral sacrifice" aims to regulate the individual behavior after the death of the parents, and the meaning of the parents only, and the "Consolation" emphasizes the interaction of others outside the parents, But it is a "recessive filial piety" that may have a potential impact on the psychological state and reputation of the parents. "Alimony", "care", "love", "respect" and "admonish" are used to regulate the behavior of direct parents as interactive objects, but the first three belong to the "mutual filial piety" called by Ye Guanghui, and the latter two are "authoritative filial piety". On the basis of conceptual analysis, we designed the code list of journal articles related to filial piety, "filial piety journal story code list >", < Chinese Filial Piety Concept and behavior questionnaire >. The content analysis and questionnaire survey were carried out on 315 randomly selected periodical papers, 300 filial piety stories and 1200 Qingdao urban and rural residents, from the big tradition. The recent evolution of Chinese filial piety concept is examined from two perspectives of small tradition. (1) filial piety is still an important morality universally recognized by modern Chinese society, but compared with the traditional society, the connotation, status and role of filial piety have changed. First, both the intellectuals and the ordinary people have the identity of "admonishing" and "mourning". There is the lowest content in the connotation, and the identity of other connotations is still high. However, the intellectuals more agree with the "support", "care" these two in the traditional society is regarded as "small filial piety" or "filial piety" connotation, but the ordinary people are more "respectful", "Consolation" these two are given to the higher value of the traditional filial piety. This distinction undoubtedly makes a small biography Second, the political meaning of filial piety is weakened. Again, the object of filial piety extends from the father, the husband, the wife, the non relatives and the nation, the nation. (2) the transition of filial piety in the past hundred years has shown obvious stage characteristics. From the great tradition, the vicissitude of filial piety in modern times The challenge before 1919, the 1919-1949 years of confusion, the 1949-1979 years of negation and the revival of the four stages after the reform and opening up. From the small tradition, it has experienced the high identification before 1950s, the low identity of the 1960,70 age and the recovery of the three stages after the reform and opening up. They show the dramatic and tortuous fate that traditional filial piety has experienced in modern times. (3) the transition of filial piety in modern times is the result of the common effect of many factors under the conditions of social transformation. The study shows that every upheaval in modern Chinese society will lead to fierce debates of filial piety and lead to great changes in the concept of filial piety. There are many forces behind the movement, but the most noticeable is the national political ecology. In modern times, the state political elite, through the proclaim of the idea of governing the country, the formulation of social policies, the development of the social movement, led, influenced and reshaped the filial piety of the intellectuals and the people, and left the direction and process of the transition of filial piety.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：C912.6;B823.1
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本文编号：1794937