公共利益的哲学研究

发布时间：2018-05-27 04:04

本文选题：利益 + 公共利益　；参考：《中共中央党校》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：利益是社会变迁的内在动力,从利益角度可以透视整个人类社会。利益以人的需要为基础,是体现主观与客观、物质利益与精神利益相统一的一种社会关系性存在。在其基础上形成的公共利益是一个动态概念,它与共同体密切相关,以公共事务的存在和执行作为重要的表现形式。在中国和西方历史上,人们对公共利益都进行了深入的思考和论述。中国古代的公共利益思想,主要表现为基于对时代反思而形成的儒、法、墨三种不同的义利观。相对而言,西方哲学在这方面的研究,一开始就与城邦生活结合在了一起。20世纪后,西方学者开始专门研究公共利益问题,形成了比较深入和系统的思想理论,但他们的研究主要是从政治哲学、政治学的视角而进行的。虽然这些学者对公共利益有不同的理解,但他们的研究却有两个共同的特点:其一,立足于政府的政治行为和政策是否符合公共利益。其二,把资产阶级国家看作是公共利益的实然代表。其对于公共利益的规范性论证具有重要理论意义和实践意义,但由于受第二个特点的限制,他们很难全面把握公共利益的本质。公共利益以现实的人为前提,以交往实践为中介,在物质生产的基础上发展变化。正因为如此,它的实现要在社会生产发展的前提下,通过制度的完善、法治治理方式的实现和政治行为的论证等来完成。在发达的资本主义国家,虽然有生产力的高度发展作为物质基础,形成了系统的政治制度,实现了法治治理方式,并且能够对相应的政治行为进行论证;但由于它代表的是资产阶级的利益,所以只能把公共利益当作一种冠冕堂皇的理由,来为实现资产阶级的特殊利益服务。社会主义社会是资本主义社会的替代者,其国家权力掌握在人民的手中。代表人民行使权力的无产阶级政党本身没有自己的特殊利益,在执行国家权力、实施政治行为的过程中,能够代表人民的根本利益,实现公共管理职能。由于现实中的社会主义,与马克思、恩格斯的最初设想不同,不是建立在发达生产力的基础之上,也没有经过资本主义的充分发展阶段。在这样的情况下,如何发展社会主义,实现公共利益,是社会主义国家需要深入研究的课题。一些国家由于对此没有形成正确的认识,在实践中遭遇了严重挫折。中国的社会主义经过几十年的发展,生产力日益发达,人民的生活水平不断提高,同时在实现公共利益方面也存在着一些不足。这就需要在新的历史条件下,通过发展社会生产、完善社会制度、加强法治建设和提升执政能力,为自觉实现两个层次的公共利益创造条件。
[Abstract]:Interest is the internal motive force of social change, from the angle of interest, we can see through the whole human society. Based on the needs of human beings, interest is a kind of social relationship which embodies the unity of subjective and objective, material and spiritual interests. The public interest formed on its basis is a dynamic concept which is closely related to the community and takes the existence and execution of public affairs as an important form of expression. In the history of China and the West, people have deeply thought and discussed the public interest. The thought of public interest in ancient China is mainly represented by three different views of righteousness and benefit formed by Confucianism, law and Mexico based on the reflection of the times. Comparatively speaking, the study of western philosophy in this respect was combined with the city life from the beginning. After the 20th century, Western scholars began to study the issue of public interest, and formed a more in-depth and systematic ideological theory. But their research is mainly from the perspective of political philosophy and politics. Although these scholars have different understanding of public interest, their research has two common characteristics: first, based on whether the government's political behavior and policy accord with the public interest. Second, the bourgeois state is regarded as the real representative of the public interest. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to the normative argumentation of public interest, but because of the limitation of the second characteristic, it is very difficult for them to grasp the essence of public interest in an all-round way. The public interest takes the realistic person as the premise, takes the intercourse practice as the intermediary, develops and changes on the basis of the material production. Because of this, its realization should be completed under the premise of the development of social production, through the perfection of system, the realization of rule of law and the demonstration of political behavior. In the developed capitalist countries, although the highly developed productive forces as the material basis, the formation of a system of political system, the realization of the rule of law governance, and the corresponding political behavior can be demonstrated; However, because it represents the interests of the bourgeoisie, it can only take the public interest as a high-sounding reason to serve the realization of the special interests of the bourgeoisie. Socialist society is a substitute for capitalist society, and its state power is in the hands of the people. The proletarian party which represents the people to exercise power does not have its own special interests. It can represent the fundamental interests of the people and realize the function of public administration in the process of carrying out state power and carrying out political acts. Because the socialism in reality is different from Marx and Engels, it is not established on the basis of developed productive forces, nor has it passed through the stage of full development of capitalism. Under such circumstances, how to develop socialism and realize public interest is a subject that socialist countries need to study deeply. Some countries have encountered serious setbacks in practice because they have not formed a correct understanding of this. With the development of socialism in China for several decades, the productive forces are increasingly developed and the living standards of the people are constantly improving. At the same time, there are some deficiencies in the realization of public interests. Under the new historical conditions, it is necessary to develop social production, perfect social system, strengthen the construction of the rule of law and enhance the ruling ability, so as to create conditions for the conscious realization of the two levels of public interest.
【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C914

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