乡约演变中治理文化的消解

发布时间：2018-05-31 06:13

本文选题：乡约 + 演变　；参考：《山东大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：乡约是特定时空领域内的基层社会在地缘和血缘关系上,由地方精英倡导并推行的自我管理、自我服务的民间组织。乡约在传统社会文化氛围中产生并发展,其职能也不断丰富,尤其是在中央集权加强的趋势下,乡约更加行政化、综合化。传统社会政治秩序的建立与维护,尤其是基层社会的政治秩序,是在文化秩序的基础上进行的。治理文化作为无形的精神武器和非制度约束,是指统治者主动利用或者默许社会运用一些具有文化性质的手段辅助治理、维护统治的治理方式,传统乡约中所体现的治理文化包括法律文化、伦理文化以及教化等多个维度。治理文化对于软化政治权力的强制力、维护政治权力的正当性起着引领、支撑的历史作用。国家权力由于矛盾作用而不断用外在于社会的力量干预社会的自主运行,治理文化也在不断的进行变化更新。乡约是乡土社会美好理想的承载者,代表一种“诗意的栖居”模式,儒家文化以乡约为其实践的路径,践行礼法、教化百姓。真正意义上的乡约发轫于宋代《吕氏乡约》,其后理学大家朱熹对其增损改易。自明代开始,乡约官方教化职能和基层管理职能得到强化,而清代乡约更成为官方教化、上谕宣讲的御用工具,吸收了其他基层组织的职能,更加综合化和行政化。随着乡约的演变,乡约文化与乡约的原本设计逐渐分离,以教化、法治文化、宗法文化为代表的乡约治理文化逐步消解。最后在晚晴的社会动荡和现代化冲动中,乡约治理文化的精髓被极大弱化,乡约彻底终结了儒家教化体系,其本身也走向了消亡。治理文化作为国家治理体系的重要组成部分,是国家治理能力的重要体现,是国家治理整体化、系统化的必然要求。治理文化方面的考量,对于在国家与社会良性互动的基础上,完善中国当下具有中国特色的治理理念和具体方案,给予全面深化改革等任务精神方面的支撑,解决深层次的社会问题,具有非常重要的理论和现实意义。本文正文共分四章。第一章“绪论”,简要介绍相关领域的研究现状以及本文写作的方法与意义,并对本文提到的一些概念进行阐释。第二章“乡约在宋元的产生和发展”,介绍乡约的历史萌芽以及宋元两朝乡约推行的基本情况。第三章“乡约在明清的成熟和演变”,对明清时期乡约行政化趋势的原因、表现和影响进行勾勒。第四章“乡约演变中文化治理的消解”,通过将乡约和治理文化结合起来加以分析,简要阐释并分析乡约在演变过程中,其价值和功能的变改。最后,本文联系中国的实际,研究治理文化在“推进国家治理体系和国家治理能力现代化”的过程中所起的重要作用,并给出相关建议。
[Abstract]:Rural covenant is a kind of self-management and self-service non-governmental organization advocated and implemented by local elite in geographical and consanguineous relationship in the grass-roots society in a specific space-time field. In the traditional social and cultural atmosphere, the rural covenant emerged and developed, and its functions are constantly enriched, especially in the trend of centralization of power, the township covenant is more administrative and comprehensive. The establishment and maintenance of traditional social political order, especially the political order of grass-roots society, is carried out on the basis of cultural order. Governance culture, as an invisible spiritual weapon and non-institutional constraint, refers to the governance mode in which rulers actively use or acquiesce in society to use some means of cultural nature to assist governance and maintain the rule. The governance culture embodied in the traditional rural covenant includes legal culture, ethical culture and enlightenment. Governance culture plays a leading and supporting role in softening the coercive power of political power and safeguarding the legitimacy of political power. The power of the state interferes with the independent operation of the society with the external force of the society because of the contradictory function, and the culture of governance is constantly changing and updating. The rural covenant is the bearer of the beautiful ideal of the local society, representing a "poetic dwelling" mode. The Confucian culture takes the rural covenant as its path of practice, practices the ritual law and educates the people. The true meaning of the rural covenant originated in the Song Dynasty, after which Zhu Xi changed its losses. Since the Ming Dynasty, the official education function and the basic management function of the township contract have been strengthened, while the township covenant has become the official education function in the Qing Dynasty. The imperial tools of the oracles have absorbed the functions of other grass-roots organizations and become more comprehensive and administrative. With the evolution of the rural covenant, the culture of rural covenant and the original design of the rural covenant were gradually separated, and the culture of governance of the rural covenant, represented by the culture of education, rule of law and patriarchal culture, was gradually dispelled. Finally, in the late Qing Dynasty social turbulence and modernization impulse, the essence of the rural governance culture was greatly weakened, the township constitution completely ended the Confucian education system, and it itself also towards the end. As an important part of the national governance system, governance culture is an important embodiment of the national governance ability and an inevitable requirement for the integration and systematization of national governance. The consideration of governance culture, on the basis of the benign interaction between the state and society, to perfect China's current governance concepts and specific plans with Chinese characteristics, and to give support to the spirit of the task of comprehensively deepening reform, etc. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to solve the deep social problems. This text is divided into four chapters. The first chapter "introduction" briefly introduces the current situation of research in related fields, the writing methods and significance of this paper, and explains some concepts mentioned in this paper. The second chapter, "the emergence and development of the rural covenant in the Song and Yuan dynasties", introduces the historical germination of the rural covenant and the basic situation of the implementation of the rural treaty in the Song and Yuan dynasties. The third chapter, "the maturity and evolution of the township covenant in the Ming and Qing dynasties", outlines the reasons, performance and influence of the administrative trend of the township contract in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The fourth chapter, "the deconstruction of cultural governance in the evolution of rural covenant", analyzes the combination of rural contract and governance culture, and briefly explains and analyzes the change of value and function of rural contract in the process of evolution. Finally, this paper studies the important role of governance culture in the process of "promoting the modernization of national governance system and national governance capacity", and gives some relevant suggestions.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：C912.82

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