建国以来客家农村地区社会结构的演变

发布时间：2018-06-07 10:42

本文选题：建国后 + 客家　；参考：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：客家地区主要指赣闽粤边的客家聚居地区。客家农村地区与全国其他农村地区相比,既有共性,又有其特殊性。客家农村地区在社会结构的演变是建国后全国农村地区社会结构演变的一个缩影。传统客家农村的宗祠理事(族长)身兼文士、地主、仪式主持等数重身份,在族产的存在、族规的制定与实施、政府和宗族的合作等因素的共同作用下,族长们掌握着农村的经济、政治、文化等方面的话语权,并对农村地区实施其教化的权力,在农业社会资源极为匮乏的情况下维持着乡村社会的平衡。建国后,随着土地改革运动、人民公社化运动的兴起,宗族的族产被剥夺,政府加强了对农村地区的控制,压缩了宗族组织在农村地区的活动空间,"文革"期间,原先的族长们被划入"五类"份子而遭到批斗,大量族谱资料被焚毁,宗族活动一时间销声匿迹。而这一时期,政府对农村的控制力则通过土改运动、农村公社化、农村各式组织的建立等措施不断得到强化。这一时期是客家农村地区传统宗族势力不断被打压、宗族活动空间不断压缩,而政府对农村的控制力不断强化的阶段。改革开放后,农村地区实行家庭联产责任承包制,人民公社制度瓦解。小农经济一度复苏,政府对农村的控制随着人民公社的解体而大大放松。宗族组织在小农经济的复苏、政府对乡村控制力度的放松、宗族残存势力的存在等因素的共同作用下复兴,宗族活动逐渐增多,但同时,宗族组织在新时期的复兴也表现出一些不同于传统宗族的特点。改革开放后,由于经济的发展,客家农村地区一些商人开始发家致富,这些人取得经济上的成功后开始参与到农村社会的管理中。商人们逐渐加大在农村地区的话语权,影响到农村的经济,同时也影响到了农村地区的风气,他们的地位逐渐凌驾于农村的宗族族长之上。而在传统农村虽然也有商人的影响,但这些商人并不掌握农村的主导权,掌握主导权的是行礼仪教化的宗族族长们。商人们给农村带来了资源,但资源不等于价值,资源流向之处并不一定能产生有益的价值。资源的流向与价值不一致时便会产生割裂。资源是必须品,价值才是最终目的。客家妇女一直是客家社会研究的一个热点,客家妇女地位的变化是观察客家社会变化的一面镜子。传统客家社会中,在宗族文化、社会生产等因素的作用下,客家妇女在家庭中有着较高地位的同时,在社会上的地位却较低。建国后,由于《婚姻法》等法律政策的颁布,客家农村妇女的地位一度得到提高;改革开放后,在计划生育的高压政策和传统生育观念的共同作用下,客家农村地区一度出现了十分严重的弃婴潮,女性的社会地位再度遭受实质性的破坏;随着计划生育政策的逐步放宽,客家妇女参加到社会工作中,其社会地位才得到真正的保障和提升。改革开放后的客家农村地区摆脱了落后的农业生产方式,摆脱了传统农村一直面临的生存危机问题。伴随着物质水平的不断提高,客家农村地区也出现了各种社会问题,旧有的社会秩序已经打破,新的秩序尚未形成,客家农村地区面临着文化、观念上的转型问题。经过历代先人的努力,客家人在社会生产力水平较低的情况下维持了乡村社会的平衡,现代客家人在转型期时面临着生产方式、社会变化所带来的挑战,如何在转型期中实现新的社会平衡,是现代客家农村乃至全国农村地区都需要解决的问题。
[Abstract]:Hakka areas mainly refer to the Hakka areas of the border between Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. The Hakka rural areas have both commonness and particularity compared with other rural areas in the country. The evolution of the social structure in the Hakka rural areas is a miniature of the evolution of the social structure in the rural areas after the founding of the people's Republic. The landlords, ceremonial preside and other heavy identities, under the common action of the existence of the ethnic production, the formulation and implementation of the clan rules and the cooperation of the government and the clan, the clan chiefs have the right to speak in the rural economic, political, cultural and other aspects, and carry out their power to educate the rural areas, and maintain the power of the rural areas under the extremely scarce resources of the agricultural society. The balance of rural society. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, with the movement of land reform, the rise of the people's commune movement and the deprivation of clan production, the government strengthened the control of the rural areas and compressed the activity space of the clan organization in the rural areas. During the "Cultural Revolution", the former chiefs were divided into the "five categories" and were criticized, and a large number of genealogical data were recorded. In this period, the government's control of the rural areas has been strengthened through the soil reform movement, the rural commune and the establishment of various rural organizations. This period was the constant pressure of the traditional clan forces in the Hakka rural areas, the continuous compression of the space of the clan activities, and the government's control of the rural areas. After the reform and opening up, the rural areas implemented the responsibility contract system of family joint production and the disintegration of the people's commune system. The small farmers had once recovered, and the government's control of the rural areas was greatly relaxed with the disintegration of the people's commune. The clan organization was in the recovery of the small peasant economy, the government relaxed the control of the countryside and the remnants of the clan. At the same time, the rejuvenation of the clan organization in the new period also showed some characteristics different from the traditional clan. After the reform and opening up, some businessmen in the Hakka rural areas began to become rich, and these people began to participate in the economic success and began to participate in the economic development. In the management of the rural society, the businessmen gradually increase the discourse power in the rural areas, affect the rural economy, and affect the customs of the rural areas. Their status is gradually above the patriarchal clan leader in the rural areas. While in the traditional rural areas, although there are also the influence of businessmen, these businessmen do not grasp the dominant power of the rural areas. The dominant is the clansmen and clan chiefs of etiquette and etiquette. Businessmen bring resources to the countryside, but resources are not equal to value. The flow of resources does not necessarily produce useful value. The flow of resources is disintegrated with value. Resources are necessary, value is the ultimate goal. Hakka women have always been Hakka social research. A hot spot, the change in the status of Hakka women is a mirror to observe the social change of the Hakka. In the traditional Hakka society, the Hakka women have a higher status in the family and lower their status in the society under the influence of the clan culture and social production. The status of the rural women has been improved. After the reform and opening up, under the joint effect of the high pressure policy of family planning and the traditional concept of fertility, the Hakka rural areas had a very serious abandoned baby tide in the rural areas, and the social status of the women suffered substantial damage. With the gradual relaxation of the family planning policy, the Hakka women took part. In social work, its social status has been truly guaranteed and promoted. After the reform and opening up, the Hakka rural areas get rid of the backward agricultural production methods and get rid of the problems of the survival crisis that the traditional rural areas have been facing. With the continuous improvement of the material level, the Hakka rural areas also have various social problems and the old society. The order has been broken, the new order has not been formed, the Hakka rural areas are faced with the cultural and conceptual transformation problems. After the efforts of the previous generations, the Hakka people maintain the balance of the rural society under the low level of social productivity, and the modern Hakka people face the challenges of production and social changes during the transition period, such as the challenges of social change. How to achieve a new social balance in the transitional period is a problem that needs to be solved in modern Hakka rural areas and even in the rural areas of the whole country.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K27;C912.82

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