唯物史观视域中曼海姆知识社会学思想研究

发布时间：2018-06-26 21:51

本文选题：唯物史观 + 知识社会学　；参考：《华东师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：本文旨在从唯物史观的视域出发来分析、评价和研究曼海姆知识社会学的相关思想及其所涉及的各种理论问题。曼海姆知识社会学是在已有的思想基础和社会背景下产生的。马克思、涂尔干和舍勒三位思想前驱对知识社会学都做出了重要的探索和贡献。马克思唯物史观和意识形态理论中蕴藏着丰富的知识社会学思想,唯物史观的核心命题“社会存在决定社会意识”也是知识社会学的核心命题；涂尔干的知识社会学思想则是在他的宗教理论中得到隐约阐述的,他认为宗教是人类的“集体表象”,知识源于宗教和社会；舍勒在其已有的现象学分析框架内,对诸如知识的类型及其社会起源、知识的运动形式、知识与政治、贸易、阶级的关系等问题进行了颇有创见的分析。西方现代性危机和魏玛共和国危机分别是曼海姆知识社会学出场的大、小背景。曼海姆知识社会学是以意识形态分析为逻辑起点的。他对意识形态的特殊概念和总体概念、意识形态概念的特殊阐述与一般阐述、评价性的意识形态和非评价性的意识形态、意识形态与虚假意识、意识形态与乌托邦等范畴作了详细辨析,并讨论了集体无意识问题。曼海姆主张对各种具有视角性的知识进行综合,并试图让“知识分子”这一特殊社会群体去完成这一历史任务。曼海姆基本建立起了一个比较完整的知识社会学的科学范式。他分析了知识社会学的出场“位系”,对知识社会学的性质、范围、前提、特征以及分析程序等做了较为明晰的界定。他认为,“思想的存在决定”是知识社会学的核心思想,诸如竞争、代等“超理论因素”不论对知识的形式还是对知识的内容都具有根本性的决定作用。具有代表性概念的含义、反概念、思维模式、抽象层次以及本体论预设等诸思想要素都会反映出特定的社会过程的影响和渗透。曼海姆知识社会学存在诸多的理论问题和逻辑矛盾。其中,“反身性问题”、“相对主义问题”以及“两种知识的划分问题”是针对曼海姆知识社会学批评和争论的焦点所在。为了化解这些问题和矛盾,曼海姆本人和其他知识社会学家作了种种探索。文章在总结和分析前人理论的基础上,从不同方面对曼海姆知识社会学中的理论问题进行重新理解和定位。曼海姆知识社会学具有重要的认识论意义。曼海姆在其知识社会学视域中对传统理性主义的认识论展开深入的反思和批判。文章借鉴曼海姆的批判视角,从实践观、主体观、客体观和真理观四个向度对传统马克思主义教科书的认识论进行了全方位的反思。文章认为,马克思主义认识论本质上是实践认识论,其认识主体是具有多方面属性的从事实践活动的现实的人,认识客体本质上属于社会存在的范畴,作为认识结果的真理是融合了“以我观之”、“以物观之”和“以人观之”三维向度的产物。在唯物史观视域中,自然科学和人文科学是统一的。经验、理论与真理属于不同的范畴,经验只具有“特殊有效性”、理论具有“一般有效性”,而真理才具有“普遍有效性”。视角主义是分工的产物,但其又会在分工基础上所形成的交往实践中得到克服。文章认为,我们应该挖掘唯物史观的认识论意义,特别是要充分挖掘“社会存在决定社会意识”这一唯物史观核心命题的认识论意蕴。文章比较了曼海姆知识社会学与马克思唯物史观之间的异同。就相同之处而言,两者都坚持历史主义的分析方法、都坚持从基础性的社会结构去理解思想观念、都将思想的主体理解为集体和社会而非个人。就相异之处而言,两者对现代思想困境的诊断与施救方式不同、两者对意识形态基本性质的理解不同、两者所假托的履行社会历史任务的社会主体不同、两者关于思想与存在之关系的联系机制不同、两者对客观的社会科学知识何以可能的回答不尽相同。两者间的差异本质上属于自由主义和马克思主义的对立。曼海姆知识社会学核心命题的逻辑归宿应是“实践基础知识与社会的相互建构”。不论是传统知识社会学所主张的“社会决定论”,还是其他一些思想流派所强调的“知识决定论”,都具有片面化的倾向。即使是伯格和卢克曼等人所提出的知识与社会的相互建构理论,由于他们囿于现象学社会学的理论立场,也未能把握住知识与社会之关系的本质。我们应立足“实践”这一核心范畴理解知识与社会间的关系。曼海姆知识社会学具有重要的现实意义。就理论意义而言,它可以为我们丰富和发展马克思主义提供重要“参照系”和思想资源；就实践意义而言,它既可以为我们构建一个尊重差异、包容多样、健康和谐的思想文化生态提供重要引导和启发,也可以为我们抵制西方自由主义的普世话语提供学理支撑。曼海姆晚期的计划重建理论与其中期的知识社会学都是寄望知识精英这一社会阶层去化解西方自由主义所引发的社会危机,本质上都属于自由主义的改良主义,但对化解自由资本主义的紧张与混乱也具有积极意义。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate Mannheim's Sociology of knowledge and its theoretical issues from the perspective of historical materialism.
Mannheim's knowledge sociology came into being under the existing ideological basis and social background. Marx, Durkheim and Scheler, three thought forerunner made important exploration and contribution to the knowledge sociology. Marx's historical materialism and ideology theory contain rich knowledge social thought, the core proposition of historical materialism "society" It is the core proposition that determines the social consciousness "is also the core proposition of the sociology of knowledge; Durkheim's knowledge sociological thought is elaboration in his religious theory. He believes that religion is the" collective representation "of human beings and that knowledge is derived from religion and society; in the framework of his existing phenomenological analysis, Scheler has the class of knowledge, such as knowledge. Type and its social origin, the form of knowledge movement, knowledge and politics, trade, and the relationship between class, etc. have been made a remarkable analysis. The crisis of the western modernity and the crisis in the Republic of Weimar are the big and small backgrounds of Mannheim's knowledge sociology.
Mannheim's Sociology of knowledge is the logical starting point of ideological analysis. His special concept and general concept of ideology, the special exposition and general exposition of ideology, the ideology of evaluation and the ideology of non evaluation, ideology and false consciousness, ideology and Utopia are analyzed in detail. It also discusses the problem of collective unconscious. Mannheim advocates the integration of all kinds of perspective knowledge and tries to make "intellectuals" a special social group to accomplish this historical task.
Mannheim has established a relatively complete scientific paradigm of knowledge sociology. He analyzed the "position of the sociology of knowledge", and made a clearer definition of the nature, scope, precondition, characteristics and analytical procedures of the sociology of knowledge. Such as competition, the "super theoretical factors", such as "super theoretical factors", have a fundamental decisive role in both the form of knowledge and the content of knowledge. The meaning of the representative concept, the anti concept, the mode of thinking, the level of abstraction and the presupposition of ontology all reflect the influence and infiltration of the specific social process.
There are many theoretical and logical contradictions in Mannheim's Sociology of knowledge. Among them, the "reflexive problem", "relativism" and "the division of two kinds of knowledge" are the focus of the criticism and debate of Mannheim's knowledge sociology. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing the predecessors' theories, the article makes a new understanding and orientation of the theoretical problems in Mannheim's knowledge sociology from different aspects.
Mannheim's knowledge sociology has important epistemological significance. Mannheim has deeply introspection and criticism on the epistemology of traditional rationalism in his knowledge sociology perspective. The article draws on Mannheim's critical angle of view and advances the epistemology of the traditional Marx doctrine textbooks from four dimensions of practice, subject, object and truth. The author thinks that the theory of Marx's epistemology is essentially practical epistemology, the subject of which is the reality of practical activities with many attributes, and the object of cognition is in the category of social existence in essence, and the truth of the result of cognition is integrated with "view of things" and "view of things" and " In the view of historical materialism, in the view of historical materialism, natural science and human science are unified. Experience, theory and truth belong to different categories. Experience only has "special effectiveness", theory has "general validity", and truth has "universal validity". It will be overcome in the communication practice formed on the basis of division of labor. The article holds that we should excavate the epistemological significance of historical materialism, especially to fully excavate the epistemological implication of the core proposition of "social existence determines social consciousness", the core proposition of historical materialism.
The article compares the similarities and differences between Mannheim's Sociology of knowledge and the historical materialism of Marx. As for the similarities, both insist on the analytical method of historicism, both insist on understanding ideas from the basic social structure, and understand the main body of the thought as collective and society rather than individual. The diagnosis of ideological predicament is different from the way of rescue. The two are different in understanding the basic nature of ideology. The social subjects of the two are different in the social and historical tasks that perform the social and historical tasks, and the relationship between the two is different. The two are different to the objective social science knowledge. The differences between the two are different. It is essentially the opposite of liberalism and Marx doctrine.
The logical result of the core proposition of Mannheim's knowledge sociology should be "the mutual construction of practical basic knowledge and society". Whether the "social determinism" advocated by the traditional knowledge sociology or the "knowledge determinism" emphasized by some other schools of thought, it has a one-sided tendency. Even Berg and Lukman and others The theory of mutual construction of knowledge and society, because they are limited to the theoretical standpoint of phenomenological sociology, has not been able to grasp the essence of the relationship between knowledge and society. We should understand the relationship between knowledge and society based on the core category of "practice".
Mannheim's Sociology of knowledge is of great practical significance. As far as theoretical significance is concerned, it can provide an important "reference" and ideological resources for us to enrich and develop Marx's doctrine. As far as practical significance is concerned, it can provide an important guide for us to build an ideological and cultural ecology that respects differences, inclusive and diverse, and is healthy and harmonious. And inspiration can also provide academic support for us to resist the universal discourse of western liberalism.
The theory of the planned reconstruction of the late Mannheim and the sociology of knowledge in its period are all the social strata that have been sent to the social stratum of the knowledge elite to dissolve the social crisis of the liberalism of the West. It is essentially a liberalist reformism, but it also has positive significance to dissolve the tension and confusion of the free capitalism.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C91-06

【引证文献】