礼金背后的社会交换模式探讨

发布时间：2018-07-01 19:14

本文选题：礼金 + 随礼行为　；参考：《东北财经大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：礼物及其相应的随礼行为作为一种普遍存在的社会事实,是社会学与人类学关注的重要问题之一。在农村社区生活中,随礼行为也是最经常被讨论的话题。而随着社会发展,实物礼物向货币礼金的转变,礼金在仪式性场合中的馈赠中占据了绝对主导的地位,因而,礼金的流动使得随礼行为在社会交换中的经济意义倍受关注。在本文中,笔者借鉴了部分学者的既有理论成果,力图通过对现阶段山东某农村实地情况的调查研究,分析本土礼金交换的基本模式,剖析礼金在家庭间的往来,并深入探讨礼金背后的社会关系维度的各个层面,尝试着对礼金交换这一社会事实进行从微观到宏观的解读。改革开放以来,我国社会各个层面都在发生着深远的变革,经济利益成为社会价值的中心,物质利益成为人们行动的重要内驱力,于是,复杂的人际关系便基于利益而产生。社会由政治取向转变为经济取向,唤起了人们追求物质的欲望,人们的务实精神与利益追求的理性算计显现出来。本文意图通过对现代社会转型期人们在随礼中蕴含的社会交换模式的探索,试图找出人们陷入礼金怪圈无法摆脱的深层原因,分析礼金背后的社会关系中错综复杂的各个层面以及探索如何回归“礼轻人意重”的实物礼物的道路,在现实层面就显得尤为迫切和必要。本文在回顾了社会交换相关理论及关于礼物馈赠的国内外研究的基础上,通过采用文献和实地两种研究方式,具体包括现存统计资料分析、半结构访谈法等,着重研究了山东一个村庄的礼金交换模式,并针对作者获得的访谈资料进行了理论层面的探讨。本文的核心部分是对随礼礼金社会交换模式两个维度的深入剖析。第一个维度是从表面角度来看关于礼金的流动。笔者首先分析了外国社会的礼物交换模式,从馈赠场合和礼物形式,收礼与答谢方式,受礼者与送礼者地位关系角度阐释。其次是我国本土社会的礼物交换模式的说明,从我国传统的“礼”文化出发,接着探讨当代学界各个不同的角度对礼物交换模式的研究,最后对西方社会与我国社会的礼物交换模式加以比较。笔者的经验研究部分在本章展开,深入细致的考察S村村民日常生活中的礼物交换模式,在现阶段的仪式性场合中主要是通过礼金的形式来流动的。从以下几个角度探讨：礼金交换模式的基本要素,礼金数额的确定及交换策略,礼金的流动对村民家庭生活的影响等；最后笔者选择了一个有代表性的农村家庭做个案研究,分析一个家庭的礼金往来图,从家庭社会生命周期角度,剖析一个家庭从投入礼金交换圈到退出圈子的整个过程,目的在于探索代际与代内的礼金往来对一个家庭的影响。第二个维度是随礼礼金背后的社会关系。本文分别从礼金背后的人情圈的维系与拓展；礼金背后的社会结构；礼金交换过程中的权力三个层次,由微观向宏观展开论述并加以延伸。首先,笔者阐述了人情圈的含义,从维护既定的熟人关系圈和拓展陌生人关系两方面来说明如何通过礼金的流动来维系与拓展礼金背后的人情圈。其次,笔者从关系网络角度介入,通过呈现一个家庭仪式性场合的关系网络的结构布局图和一个村民的城乡交往结构图来说明礼金背后的社会结构因素。第三,笔者讨论了礼金流动过程中的不平衡,以及产生这种不平衡的深层原因是权力因素,在礼金交换的背后权力是如何运作的,社会转型期出现的新变化,即S村村干部的权力是下降的。最后,笔者得出了结论,目前农村社区中流动家庭与半流动家庭的礼金流动圈子呈扩大趋势,并且礼金的工具性作用明显,现代的“差序格局”逐步成形,礼金在这种流动过程中出现了新功能。同时,由于礼金取代了礼物,在随礼行为中,市场交换逐渐取代社会交换,经济理性算计渗入到传统的社会交换中并产生重大影响。在进一步的讨论中,笔者从人情、互惠与经济理性视角出发总结了村民随礼行为的深刻动机,并且深入思考了随礼行为的社会理性选择,试图探讨走向“纯粹礼物”交换的意义与实现路径。在文章的最后,笔者反思了在研究过程中的收获与不足以及要努力的方向。
[Abstract]:As a common social fact, gifts and their corresponding behavior are one of the important issues of social and anthropological concern. In the life of the rural community, ritual behavior is the most frequently discussed topic. With the development of the society, the change of the gift to the money and gold and the gift of the gift in the ceremonial occasion. According to the absolute dominant position, the flow of gift money has attracted the attention of the economic significance of the behavior of gift taking in social exchange.
In this paper, the author draws on the theoretical achievements of some scholars, tries to analyze the basic mode of the local ceremony and gold exchange through the investigation and study of the current situation in a rural area in Shandong, analyzes the exchange of the gift and gold in the family, and probes into the aspects of the social relations behind the ceremony and gold, and tries to exchange the gift and gold. Social facts have been interpreted from microcosmic to macroscopic. Since the reform and opening up, there have been profound changes in every level of our society. Economic interests become the center of social value. Material interests become an important driving force for people to act. So the complex interpersonal relationship is based on the interests. The society is transformed from political orientation to economy. The orientation, arousing people's desire for material, the rational calculation of people's pragmatic spirit and interest pursuit, is intended to find out the deep reasons that people can't get rid of the rites and gold circles, and analyze the social customs behind the ceremony and gold. On the basis of reviewing the related theories of social exchange and the domestic and foreign research on gift giving, this paper makes a specific package of two kinds of research methods on the basis of literature and field. This paper, including the analysis of the existing statistical data and the semi structure interview, focuses on the study of the exchange pattern of the ceremony and gold of a village in Shandong, and discusses the theoretical level of the interview data obtained by the author.
The core part of this paper is an in-depth analysis of the two dimensions of the social exchange pattern of ritual gold and gold. The first dimension is from the surface perspective on the flow of gift and gold. First, the author analyzes the exchange pattern of gifts from foreign societies, from the gift and gift form, the reception and answer formula, the status of the recipient and the gift giver. Secondly, the explanation of the gift exchange mode of our native society, from the traditional "gift" culture of our country, then discuss the study of the gift exchange mode from different angles of the contemporary academic circles, and finally compare the gift exchange mode between the western society and the society in our country. The gift exchange model in the daily life of the villagers in S village is mainly used to flow through the form of rites and gold at the present stage. From the following points of view, the basic elements of the exchange of rites and gold patterns, the determination of the amount of rites and gold and the exchange strategy, the influence of the flow of rites and gold on the family life of the villagers, etc. A representative rural family is selected as a case study to analyze a family's ritual and gold diagram, from the perspective of family social life cycle, to analyze the whole process of a family from the exchange of gifts and gold exchanges to the withdrawal of the circle. The purpose is to explore the influence of the intergenerational and intergenerational gifts to a family. The second dimensions are ritual. The social relations behind the gift and gold. This article, respectively, from the maintenance and expansion of the human circle behind the ceremony and the gold, the social structure behind the ceremony and the gold, the three levels of power in the exchange process of the ceremony and gold, from the microcosmic to the macro expansion. First, the author expounds the meaning of the human circle, from the maintenance of the established acquaintance circle and the expansion of strangers. The relationship between the two aspects is to explain how to maintain and expand the circle of human feelings behind the ceremony of rites. Secondly, the author, from the perspective of the relationship network, shows the structural layout of the relationship network of a family ritual situation and the urban and rural communication structure of a villager to explain the social structural factors behind the rites and gold. Third, the pen. The imbalances in the flow process of the ceremony and gold are discussed, and the deep reasons for this imbalance are the power factors, how the power is operated behind the exchange of gold and the gold, and the new changes in the period of social transformation, that is, the power of the village cadres in S is declining.
Finally, the author draws a conclusion that the current circle of mobile and semi mobile families in rural communities is expanding, and the instrumental role of the rites and gold is obvious, the modern "difference pattern" is gradually formed, and the gift and gold have new functions in this flow process. The market exchange has gradually replaced the social exchange, and the economic rational calculation has penetrated into the traditional social exchange and has a great influence. In the further discussion, the author from the perspective of human, reciprocity and economic rationality summarizes the profound motives of the villagers' behavior of ritual, and deeply thinks about the social rational choice of the act of ritual, and tries to explore the way to walk. At the end of the article, the author reflects on the gains and shortcomings in the research process and the direction to strive for.
【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C912.3

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