家庭背景与干部地位获得（1950-2003）

发布时间：2018-07-07 23:21

本文选题：制度 + 资本　；参考：《复旦大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：家庭背景如何影响干部地位获得不仅是民众普遍关心的问题,也引起了代际流动研究和政治精英研究的关注。随着中国政治和经济体制的变迁,在不同的历史时期,哪些家庭的子代在干部选拔中占优势,家庭背景作用的机制是什么,变化的原因又是什么?为了回答这些问题,笔者从一般资本理论和制度分析出发构建一个分析的框架。笔者认为家庭背景的作用本质上是一个代际资本转化的过程,而这一过程又是嵌入在制度背景之中的。具体而言,干部选拔录用制度规定了必需的资本类型,就决定了不同家庭的机会结构,入党和升学等制度安排则决定了代际间资本转化的具体形式。改革前的干部选拔是一种特殊主义原则的逆向选拔,包括阶级庇护和政党庇护。良好的家庭出身和党员身份相应地成为干部地位获得最重要的政治资本。在阶级标签系统中,家庭背景以家庭出身的形式直接作用于干部选拔,同时还影响子代对党员身份的获取,入党成为家庭背景发挥作用的中间机制。改革以后,随着党政治路线的调整,干部选拔录用制度转向普遍主义的绩效选拔。教育程度取代家庭出身成为干部选拔重要的标准,而逆向选拔中仅存政党庇护。同时,干部委任制本身的制度缺陷使社会资本在正式制度之外成为决定干部地位获得的重要因素。结果,文化资本、政治资本(党员身份)、社会资本成为改革后干部地位获得最重要的三种资本类型。在上述制度条件下,权力精英、经济精英和文化精英组成的优势家庭通过入党和升学这两个中间机制,将家庭优势资本转化为子代的政治资本和文化资本从而增加他们成为干部的机会。而干部子弟更是凭借父代的权力资本和社会关系积累起丰富的社会资本,在干部选拔中独享特权,实现了干部家庭权力地位的再生产。笔者基于2003年全国综合调查的数据(CGSS2003),运用离散时间的事件史分析技术,对以上理论观点以及命题进行了检验。研究结果表明：(1)在改革前的历史时期(1950-1977),政治声望最高的军人的子代在干部选拔中占据优势,入党是家庭出身发挥作用的中间机制。(2)在改革后的历史时期(1978-2003),除了军人子弟,干部和专业技术人员的子代也在干部选拔中占优势,入党和升学是中间机制。尤其是中上层干部的子代,在控制了教育和党员身份之后依然具有显著的优势。
[Abstract]:How family background affects cadre status is not only an issue of general concern, but also a concern of intergenerational mobility research and political elite research. With the change of China's political and economic system, which families' children are dominant in the selection of cadres in different historical periods, what is the mechanism of family background, and what are the reasons for the changes? In order to answer these questions, the author constructs an analytical framework from general capital theory and institutional analysis. The author believes that the role of family background is essentially a process of intergenerational capital transformation, and this process is embedded in the institutional background. In particular, the system of selecting and employing cadres determines the necessary capital types, which determines the opportunity structure of different families, and the institutional arrangement of joining the Party and entering the university determines the specific form of intergenerational capital transformation. Cadre selection before reform is a kind of adverse selection of special principle, including class protection and political party protection. Good family background and party membership have accordingly become the most important political capital for cadre status. In the class label system, family background plays a direct role in the selection of cadres in the form of family background, at the same time, it also affects the acquisition of party members' status by children, and joining the party becomes the intermediate mechanism for family background to play a role. After the reform, along with the party's political line adjustment, the cadre selection and employment system turns to the universal principle of performance selection. Education has replaced family background as an important criterion for cadre selection, while only political parties have been sheltered in adverse selection. At the same time, the institutional defects of the cadre appointment system make social capital an important factor in determining the status of cadres outside the formal system. As a result, cultural capital, political capital (party member status) and social capital are the three most important types of capital after the reform. Under the above system conditions, the superior families composed of the elite of power, the economic elite and the elite of culture pass through the two intermediate mechanisms of joining the Party and advancing to school. To transform the superior family capital into the political capital and cultural capital of their children, thus increasing their chances of becoming cadres. And the children of cadres have accumulated abundant social capital by the power capital and social relations of the father and generation, and have enjoyed special privileges in the selection of cadres, thus realizing the reproduction of the family power status of cadres. Based on the data of the 2003 National Comprehensive Survey (CGSS 2003), the author uses discrete time event history analysis technology to test the above theoretical viewpoints and propositions. The results show that: (1) in the historical period before the reform (1950-1977), the offspring of the most prestigious military personnel occupied an advantage in the selection of cadres, and joining the Party was the intermediate mechanism of family origin. (2) in the historical period after the reform (1978-2003), except for the children of the servicemen, The offspring of cadres and technical personnel are also dominant in the selection of cadres. Joining the Party and advancing to school are the intermediate mechanisms. In particular, the upper-middle-class cadres in the control of education and membership of the children still have significant advantages.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C912.6

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