社会排斥后的无意识情绪调节

发布时间：2018-07-17 07:18

【摘要】：生活在社会中的大多数人，都是与其他人相联系的，必须依靠群体才能获得更好的生存及发展机会，我们依赖他人给我们提供各种便利和所需，群体也因此而相互联系，相互接受。尽管当前社会更加强调人与人之间应当和谐相处，但是我们在现实生活中还是会遇到各种各样的排斥现象：给某公司投递简历却没有收到回复时；加入一个新环境，却无法与他人相处时；给一本杂志投稿却遭到退稿时，都可能会产生被排斥的感觉。大学生在日常的学习与生活中，也会经常碰到类似的事件：与宿舍其他同学无法融洽相处；申请加入某社团却遭到拒绝；在选举中没有获得成功；在舞台上得到的是一片嘘声等等。不管是真实存在还是主观臆想的，只要个体认为自己受到了他人的排斥，都会产生独特的心理变化，进而导致行为的改变。而生活中，，可能引起当事人感觉到被排斥、不被接受的生活事件非常普遍。每个人都渴望与他人维持良好的社会关系，得到社会支持。被人喜欢、欣赏或者接受，自然会产生自尊、信心和幸福感；相反，如果感觉不被喜欢、不被欣赏甚至受到排斥，其生活就会受到严重威胁，会表现出一些受冷落之后的孤独感，这种被冷落的感觉在心理学被称为“社会排斥”(social exclusion)，社会排斥是一个普遍的社会现象，一直是社会学家十分关注的一个问题，在心理学研究领域，也逐渐开始对社会排斥的成因，以及对个体认知、情绪、行为和人际关系等的影响进行深入研究。大量研究表明，社会排斥经历会导致个体出现攻击性行为等不利于人际交往的行为，长期遭受社会排斥会给个体带来强烈的心理和行为反应(Leary, Kowalski, Smith,Phillips,2003)。但目前有研究指出，当个体被剥夺某种需要时，会表现出更热切的寻求行为，近年来已有研究开始关注个体在社会排斥条件下可能引发的积极情绪和行为。拒绝敏感性主要是指对遭遇他人拒绝的一种敏感程度，它是一种指向人格内部的特质，常被作为社会排斥后产生的孤独感与心理应激和健康关系的重要中介因素，但在该研究中不将此中介作用作为研究重点，旨在平衡被试群体在人格因素上的差异。基于此，该研究旨在验证社会排斥是否在中国背景下同样会对个体产生负性影响，同时探索无意识情绪调节能否缓解社会排斥带来的消极后果。在该研究中主要采用相互认识范式，讨论社会排斥对个体情绪、自尊、归属感、控制感和存在意义的影响。实验一采用相互认识范式，检验社会排斥是否会导致个体外显的情绪悲伤，其悲伤和受伤感是否会增加，归属感和积极情绪是否会降低；其次，考察受到社会排斥的个体是否会回忆更多的积极生活事件，或者对相似的生活事件有更为积极的评价。实验二同样采用相互认识范式对社会排斥进行操作，以被试对不同效价词汇的反应时和反应倾向为指标，目的在于检验情绪的无意识调节是否在个体的内隐情绪变化中起作用，使个体更为注意积极信息。主要得到以下几个结论： (1)在中国文化背景下，受到社会排斥的个体会产生排斥感和受伤感，主要表现为被试的归属感会明显降低，但是积极情绪并没有显著改变； (2)受到社会排斥的个体后会产生无意识的情绪调节过程，会诱发更多的积极情绪来平衡排斥情境，会回忆更多的积极生活事件，对相似的生活事件有更为积极的评价； (3)排斥组被试会更多的采用情绪加工方式，注意更多的积极信息。
[Abstract]:Most of the people living in society are in contact with others , must rely on groups to achieve better survival and development opportunities , and we rely on others to provide us with a variety of facilities and needs , and groups are therefore interconnected and mutually acceptable .
Join a new environment , but can ' t get along with others ;
Giving a magazine a press release is likely to produce a feeling of exclusion .

College students often encounter similar events in their daily study and life : they cannot get along with other students in the dormitory ;
The application to join a club has been denied ;
There was no success in the election ;
On the stage is a boos and so on . Whether it is true or subjective , as long as the individual thinks that he is excluded from others , it will produce a unique psychological change , which leads to a change in behavior . In life , it may cause the party to feel excluded , and the unacceptable life event is very common .

Everyone is eager to maintain a good social relationship with others and receive social support . People like , appreciate or accept will naturally develop self - esteem , confidence and well - being ;
On the contrary , if the feeling is not like , not to be appreciated or even excluded , the life will be seriously threatened , it will show some loneliness after the cold fall , the social exclusion is a common social phenomenon , and the influence of individual cognition , emotion , behavior and interpersonal relationship has been studied in depth . A large number of studies show that social exclusion experience can lead to the behavior of individual aggression and other adverse effects on human interaction , and the long - term social exclusion can bring about strong psychological and behavioral response to the individual ( Leary , alski , Smith , Phillips , 2003 ) . However , it is pointed out that when an individual is deprived of a certain need , it will show a more hot pursuit . In recent years , the study has begun to pay attention to the positive emotion and behavior that the individual may cause under the condition of social exclusion .

This research aims at verifying whether social exclusion can also contribute to individual emotion , self - esteem , sense of self - esteem , sense of belonging , sense of control and the existence of social exclusion .
Second , whether the individual who is subject to social exclusion can recall more positive life events , or have more positive evaluation of similar life events . Experiment 2 also uses mutual cognitive paradigm to operate the social exclusion , so as to test the response time and reaction tendency of different potency words . The aim is to test whether the unconscious regulation of emotion plays a role in the change of implicit emotion in the individual , so as to make the individual more aware of positive information .

The following conclusions are mainly obtained :

( 1 ) Under the Chinese cultural background , the individuals who are excluded from the social exclusion can produce a sense of rejection and injury , which is mainly manifested as a significant decrease in the sense of belonging , but the positive emotion does not change significantly ;

( 2 ) After receiving social exclusion , an unconscious emotion regulation process can induce more positive emotions to balance the exclusion situation , recall more positive life events , and have a more active evaluation of similar life events ;

( 3 ) The exclusion group was more likely to use emotional processing methods to pay attention to more positive information .
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：C912.1

【参考文献】