陕北黄土高原生态建设与农户生计的协调研究

发布时间：2018-08-18 18:50

【摘要】：在生态建设中,农户的作用举足轻重。农户通过种植、畜牧、灌溉、薪柴等生计活动,直接或间接与草原、森林、土地、水源等生态要素发生联系,农户是与生态环境发生关系的基本单位。生态建设最基本的评价标准是生态建设有利于农户生计可持续。陕北黄土高原的生态建设实践给我们提供了一个研究的典型样本。从农户生计入手,研究生态建设区农户的生计水平、生计资本、生计策略以及生计变迁,考察生态建设对农户生计的影响,以及农户生计活动对生态建设的反作用,研究发现:陕北黄土高原生态建设成效显著,生态恶化得到初步遏制,生态环境局部改善,植被覆盖率增加;农户生计方式多样化、非农化,生计水平提高,生计策略不断优化:有五分之一的农户实现就业转型,脱离传统农牧业生产;居村农户普遍的生计模式是兼业,务农、务工、养殖、林果各业多样化发展。农户生计方式变化使得农户生计的生态影响发生改变,纯农户、农兼户、兼农户的生态影响各不相同。在农户日常生产生活的基本场域——村落层面,封闭的人口-生态资源系统被打破,村庄乃至整个区域可以向外输出人口对生态环境的压力,输入外部资源,人口对生态的压力减低,客观上降低了区域生态环境的人口资源压力,为生态恢复和建设奠定基础。同时,村落“整体衰落,少数复兴”,出现大量空巢社区,产生农村建设的问题。陕北黄土高原区生态好转的根本途径是对丘陵山区居民实行历史性的战略转移,减少人口承载量,建设生态大后方。必须牢牢抓住这一生态建设的历史机遇,大力协调农户生计与生态保护的关系,继续推进生态建设。(一)细分农户,加大扶持。改革户籍制度,使进城农民能够进得去、留的下、过得好;大力支持在村农户,实行注册农户制度,精确瞄准,拓宽农户生计渠道;加强对生计困顿农户的社会保障力度;(二)地理细分,继续生态退耕。居村农户既是生态环境的破坏力量,也是生态建设的潜在力量;(三)因地制宜,调整生态林与经济林草结构。大建生态林没有群众基础,农户出于生计需要毁林,只有经济林果草业先行发展支持农户生计,生态林才有存在的基础;(四)新农村建设配合生态建设。建设基本农田,推广农技,提高农业生产效率和务农收益。重点建设自然条件好的大村落和中心村,加快生态移民,促进生态脆弱区人口减少并向河谷、阔塬等自然条件较好地收缩。在人口消退区域进行生态恢复,实现“移一户人家,绿一个山头”。
[Abstract]:In ecological construction, the role of farmers play an important role. Farmers are directly or indirectly associated with ecological factors such as grassland, forest, land and water through livelihood activities such as planting, animal husbandry, irrigation, fuelwood and so on. Farmers are the basic units of relationship with ecological environment. The most basic evaluation criterion of ecological construction is that ecological construction is conducive to the sustainable livelihood of farmers. The ecological construction practice of Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi provides us with a typical sample of research. Starting with the livelihood of farmers, this paper studies the livelihood level, livelihood capital, livelihood strategies and livelihood changes of farmers in ecological construction areas, and examines the impact of ecological construction on the livelihood of farmers, as well as the negative effects of farmers' livelihood activities on ecological construction. It is found that the ecological construction of the Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi has achieved remarkable results, the ecological deterioration has been initially contained, the ecological environment has been partially improved, the vegetation coverage has increased, the farmers' livelihood methods have been diversified, non-agricultural, and the livelihood level has been improved. The livelihood strategy is optimized continuously: 1/5 farmers realize the employment transformation and break away from the traditional agricultural and animal husbandry production, and the common livelihood mode of the village farmers is the diversified development of concurrent business, agriculture, labor, farming, forestry and fruit production. The change of farmers' livelihood mode changes the ecological impact of farmers' livelihood, and the ecological effects of pure farmers, both farmers and farmers are different. In the basic field of farmers' daily production and life-village level, the closed population-ecological resource system is broken, the village and even the whole region can export the pressure of population to the ecological environment and input the external resources. The reduction of population pressure on ecology objectively reduces the pressure of population resources on regional ecological environment and lays the foundation for ecological restoration and construction. At the same time, the village "whole decline, a few rejuvenation", a large number of empty-nest communities, rural construction problems. The basic way of ecological improvement in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi is to carry out the historic strategic transfer to the residents of hilly and mountainous areas, to reduce the carrying capacity of population and to build the ecological rear area. It is necessary to grasp the historical opportunity of ecological construction, coordinate the relationship between farmers' livelihood and ecological protection, and continue to promote ecological construction. (1) subdivide peasant households and increase support. To reform the household registration system so that the peasants can enter the city, stay in the next, live well, vigorously support in the village farmers, the implementation of the system of registered farmers, accurate targeting, expand the livelihood of farmers; Strengthen the social security of farmers living in poverty; (2) geographical subdivision, continue ecological conversion. Farmers living in villages are not only the destructive force of ecological environment but also the potential force of ecological construction. (3) adjust the structure of ecological forest and economic forest and grass according to local conditions. There is no mass basis for large-scale ecological forest, farmers need to destroy the forest out of livelihood, only the economic forest and grass industry to support the livelihood of farmers, ecological forest has a foundation; (4) the new rural construction with ecological construction. Build basic farmland, popularize agricultural technique, improve agricultural production efficiency and farming income. We should focus on the construction of large villages and central villages with good natural conditions, speed up ecological migration, and promote the population reduction in ecologically fragile areas and better contraction of natural conditions such as river valleys and broad tableland. In the area of population decline ecological restoration, to achieve "move a family, green a mountain."
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：X171;C913

【相似文献】