从法国大革命中的群众狂欢现象理解勒庞的《乌合之众》

发布时间：2018-10-18 19:02

【摘要】：十八世纪末的法国大革命在世界革命史上占据着重要的地位,其激进程度也远超欧洲各国甚至是同时期的美国革命战争,当时的法国群众在革命开始直至革命结束后的很长一段时期所表现出群众特有现象引起了学者之间的著书立论,群体心理学创始人勒庞就是其中之一,他带有先验性的观点恰逢其时的迎合了当时普罗大众的口味,他在书中通过可谓触目惊心、耸人听闻的笔调对群众进行了批判,在群众非理性参与革命的年代以此来宣扬自己的精英领导主张,他的一些思想甚至影响至今。狂欢节作为一个历久弥新的话题从未淡出过人们的视野,革命时期的狂欢活动中不可避免的加入了革命特有的色彩,巴赫金在从文学艺术领域中提炼归纳出的狂欢化理论体系不仅局限于文学方面,其在狂欢活动领域的群众行为特征中也早己有所表现,而通过群众理论和狂欢理论的分析比较会发现,二者之间存在着共通关系,勒庞在以群众为说理对象时由于其经验性错误而导致其著述不够完善、例证不够充分,也成为后人所苛责的地方。本文试图在溯源狂欢化理论和勒庞乌合之众群众理论的基础上,分析勒庞在研究时忽略了哪些,重点论述在法国大革命期间群众的构成、群众的行为特征,同时通过分析在狂欢理论下的群众与精英的关系,将精英群体纳入新的群体时代中去考虑。对于勒庞的群众理论而言,确实在特定的时代背景下为我们提供了新的研究视角,但也不能忽视其在研究范式上存在的缺陷问题,本文拟站在历史的角度,以狂欢理论和勒庞乌合之众群众理论为双切入点,为勒庞后的群体时代问题作出解答。
[Abstract]:The French Revolution at the end of the eighteenth century occupied an important position in the history of the world revolution, and its degree of radicalization was far greater than that of the European countries and even the American revolutionary war of the same period. During the long period from the beginning of the revolution to the end of the revolution, the French masses showed that the phenomenon of the masses peculiar to the masses caused the scholars to write books, among which Le Pen, the founder of group psychology, was one of them. His transcendental point of view caters to the tastes of the general public at that time, and he criticizes the masses in what can be described as shocking and sensational style. In the age of mass irrational participation in the revolution, he advocated his elite leadership, some of his ideas even influence today. Carnival as a long-lasting topic has never faded out of people's eyes, the carnival of the revolutionary period inevitably added the unique color of the revolution, Bakhtin's theory system of carnival is not only limited to literature, but also has been shown in the characteristics of mass behavior in the field of carnival activities. Through the analysis and comparison of mass theory and carnival theory, it is found that there is a common relationship between the two. When Le Pen takes the masses as the reasoning object, her writings are not perfect and the examples are not enough because of his empirical mistakes. It has also become a place of harsh criticism from later generations. On the basis of the theory of tracing carnival and Le Pen's mass theory, this paper attempts to analyze what Le Pen has neglected in his research, focusing on the composition of the masses and the characteristics of the masses' behavior during the French Revolution. At the same time, by analyzing the relationship between the masses and the elite under the carnival theory, the elite group is taken into consideration in the new group era. As for Le Pen's mass theory, it does provide us with a new research perspective under the specific background of the times, but we can not ignore its defects in the research paradigm. This paper intends to stand on the historical point of view. Taking carnival theory and Le Pen's mass theory as the double entry point, this paper answers the question of the group time after Le Pen.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：C912.64

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