失地农民的社会适应研究

发布时间：2018-10-22 20:26

【摘要】：农民在城市化进程中失去土地之后,面临着生活、就业、心理认同等方面的适应需求,这些需要政府、社会和失地农民共同努力,完成农民在失去土地之后的社会适应目标。同时,失地农民的社会适应也反映了城市化背景下社会整合的效果,使得失地农民社会适应问题日趋紧迫和重要。本文首先从失地农民的职业、生活、社会交往和心理这四个方面描述了失地农民的社会适应状况。失地农民的土地被国家或政府征收,失去了原本赖以生存的生产资料,脱离了农业生产；居住的空间从农村转移到了城市社区；身份从农民转变为社区居民。失地农民的职业、生活方式、居住环境、身份、社会关系等诸多方面都发生了重大变化。调查发现,目前失地农民的职业地位较低,待遇较低；经济收入有限,生活水平较低,生活保障不足；社会交往仍以传统的农村社会的交往为主,现代城市的社会交往关系逐渐发展起来了；大部分失地农民对自己的居民身份认同不足。第二,本文从适应方式上将失地农民社会适应方式划分为主动适应和被动调试两种适应策略。主动适应的状态是失地农民会积极主动地采取行动去适应社会适应,在行动策略上会尽量采取所有能够多的行动手段、资源,甚至是改造环境来促进其社会适应。被动调适则是一种消极的适应行动。农民在失去土地之后,生活环境和职业条件改变了,农民则是消极的去采取调适行动,在行动策略上则过分依赖于已有的资源。被动调适向主动适应的转变主要是依靠个人态度转变和个人行动策略的增加。第三,本文考察了影响失地农民社会适应的因素,主要可以从主观和客观两个方面来分析。从客观方面来说,经济、社会、文化和社区居住环境因素直接作用于失地农民的社会适应过程,对他们能否快速顺畅的适应城市生活起着举足轻重的作用。主观方面来看,失地农民的个体因素成为其能否积极主动完成社会适应的关键条件。因此,分析失地农民的社会适应问题,必须多角度多层次探讨影响失地农民社会适应的因素,并以此为依据,为失地农民更好的适应城市生活提供指导性的参考和建议。最后,本文以实地调查过程中发现的问题为基础,从社会整合的视角,提出失地农民社会适应的对策建议。对策包括两个维度：外部支持体系和个体能动资源,分别从法律、政策、社区和个体四大主体提出具体措施促进失地农民的社会适应,即完善法律法规,保障失地农民的合法权益；明确政府角色,发挥社会政策的保障优势；发挥社区功能,发展失地农民社会适应的社区支持模式和继续个体社会化过程,促进失地农民的再社会化。
[Abstract]:After farmers lose their land in the process of urbanization, they are faced with the adaptation needs of life, employment, psychological identity and so on, which need the joint efforts of the government, society and landless farmers to complete the social adaptation goals of farmers after losing their land. At the same time, the social adaptation of land-lost farmers also reflects the effect of social integration under the background of urbanization, which makes the social adaptation of land-lost farmers become more and more urgent and important. This paper first describes the social adaptation of landless farmers from four aspects: occupation, life, social interaction and psychology. The land of landless farmers is expropriated by the state or the government, losing the means of production on which they were originally dependent, leaving the agricultural production; moving the living space from the countryside to the urban communities; and changing the identity from the peasants to the community residents. The occupation, life style, living environment, identity and social relationship of landless farmers have changed greatly. The survey found that at present, landless farmers have lower professional status and lower treatment; limited economic income, low living standard and inadequate living security; and social exchanges are still dominated by traditional rural social exchanges. The social relations in modern cities have developed gradually, and most landless farmers have insufficient identity with their own residents. Secondly, this paper divides the social adaptation of land-lost farmers into two adaptation strategies: active adaptation and passive adjustment. The state of active adaptation is that landless farmers will actively take action to adapt to social adaptation, and will try their best to adopt as many action means, resources and even environment as possible in action strategies to promote their social adaptation. Passive adaptation is a negative adaptation. After farmers lose their land, their living environment and professional conditions change, while farmers passively take adjustment actions, and over-rely on existing resources in action strategies. The transformation from passive adaptation to active adaptation mainly depends on the change of individual attitude and the increase of individual action strategy. Thirdly, this paper examines the factors that affect the social adaptation of landless farmers, which can be analyzed from subjective and objective aspects. Objectively speaking, economic, social, cultural and community living environment factors directly affect the process of social adaptation of landless farmers, and play an important role in their ability to adapt to urban life quickly and smoothly. Subjectively, the individual factors of landless farmers become the key conditions for their active completion of social adaptation. Therefore, to analyze the problem of social adaptation of land-lost farmers, we must discuss the factors that affect the social adaptation of land-lost farmers from multiple angles and levels, and take this as the basis to provide guidance and suggestions for land-lost farmers to adapt to urban life better. Finally, based on the problems found in the field investigation and from the perspective of social integration, this paper puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the social adaptation of landless farmers. Countermeasures include two dimensions: external support system and individual active resources, respectively from the law, policy, community and individual four main body put forward specific measures to promote the social adaptation of land-losing farmers, that is, to improve laws and regulations. To protect the legitimate rights and interests of landless farmers; to make clear the role of the government, to give play to the social policy security advantages; to develop the community support model for the social adaptation of landless farmers; and to continue the process of individual socialization. To promote the re-socialization of landless farmers.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C912.8

【参考文献】