从日本公共年金制度看老年单身女性的贫困问题

发布时间：2018-11-12 12:56

【摘要】：本文的研究对象是日本65岁以上的单身女性,该群体的相对贫困率高达46.6%(2012),且占总人口比例不断上升。对于该群体而言,缺少来自家庭和工作的收入保障,社会保障显得尤为重要。其中,年金制度保障了该群体约7成的收入,是对该群体而言极为重要的收入保障制度之一。本文从年金制度的角度归纳了该群体贫困率高的三大特点:无年金收入的老年单身女性人数多;收入来源的七成来源于年金,相比其他群体较为依赖年金收入;与年轻时工资收入成正比的厚生年金所得较少,而年轻时工资低的其中一个原因是单身女性中从事非正规劳动的人数多。单身老年女性的婚姻状况主要分为:离婚、丧偶以及未婚。针对不同婚姻情况对所得年金的影响,年金制度也经历过数次改革,以完善对单身老年女性的保障。其中包括离婚时的年金分割制度和遗属年金制度,这些制度的确立使得原本在家庭中处于被抚养地位的女性在离婚、丧偶后得以获得年金保障。此外,从2016年开始扩大非正规劳动者中厚生年金的适用人群,也是有利于单身女性群体的政策之一。然而年金制度的改革并未能有效抑制老年单身女性贫困率的逐年上升情况,本文提出其根本原因在于日本现行社会保障制度的设计理念是建立在标准家庭模式之上的,其设立之初并未设想单身女性的生活轨迹,并不能为老年单身女性提供完善的收入保障。战后日本社会中,家庭依赖模式盛行。女性被包含在家庭之内,是家庭中的被抚养对象,依靠家庭即可获得收入保障。然而当今日本社会中,以正规雇佣为特点的安定雇佣以及高结婚率的社会正在瓦解,女性逐渐丧失来自家庭以及工作的收入保障,从前隐藏在家庭内部的贫困问题被逐步暴露,以个人为单位的社会保障制度的重要性逐步显现。年金制度的修订或许只是一时之策,更需要改变的是日本社会只为主流生活方式提供保障的思维模式。
[Abstract]:The research object of this paper is single women over 65 years old in Japan. The relative poverty rate of this group is as high as 46.6% (2012), and the proportion of the total population is rising. For this group, the lack of income security from family and work, social security is particularly important. Among them, the annuity system guarantees about 70% of the income of the group, and is one of the most important income security systems for the group. From the perspective of annuity system, this paper sums up three characteristics of the high poverty rate of this group: the large number of elderly single women without annuity income, the 70% of income comes from annuity, and the other groups are more dependent on annuity income. Well-paid annuities, which are directly proportional to young wages, earn less, and one of the reasons for low wages in youth is the high number of single women engaged in informal work. The marital status of single elderly women is divided into divorce, widowhood and unmarried. In view of the influence of different marital conditions on the income annuity, the annuity system has also undergone several reforms to improve the protection of single elderly women. It includes the annuity division system and the survivors' annuity system, which make the women who were in the dependant position in the family to obtain the annuity protection after divorce and widowhood. In addition, starting in 2016, expanding the number of non-formal workers to apply to the health pension is also one of the policies for single women. However, the reform of the annuity system has not effectively restrained the rising poverty rate of the elderly single women. This paper puts forward that the fundamental reason is that the design idea of the current social security system in Japan is based on the standard family model. At the beginning of its establishment, it did not envisage the life track of single women, and could not provide perfect income security for elderly single women. In postwar Japanese society, the pattern of family dependence prevailed. Women are included in the family and are dependent on the family for income security. But in today's Japanese society, a society characterized by regular employment and a high rate of marriage is disintegrating, women are losing income security from their families and jobs, and poverty, once hidden within the family, has been exposed. The importance of a social security system based on individuals is gradually emerging. The revision of the annuity system may be a temporary strategy, but also the mode of thinking that the Japanese society only guarantees the mainstream way of life.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：C913.68

【相似文献】