弗洛伊德主义的社会学理论探析

发布时间：2018-12-11 18:58

【摘要】：弗洛伊德作为人类历史上最有影响力的社会思想家之一，其思想对于整个二十世纪的社会理论的发展起到了举足轻重的作用。其影响力不仅仅局限于心理学领域，更在其他的人文社会科学领域如哲学、社会学、政治学、文学等等，产生了冲击力般的影响。在西方剧烈的社会变迁的时代背景之下，弗洛伊德和众多的社会思想家们开始探索社会存在的原因和社会变迁的动力。这一社会科学的研究主题也可以概括为“霍布斯难题”，，即“人对人都是狼”个体的是怎样被整合进集体社会的生活当中的。弗洛伊德对这一社会学的研究主题从精神分析学说的视角提供了新的解释。弗洛伊德的理论体系可以简单的归纳为五个部分，分别是初始过程和次级过程理论；性发展阶段理论；里比多理论；人类精神机制的三位一体；性本能对于死本能的理论。其中前四个理论体系时属于微观层面，而性本能和死亡本能的理论则是弗洛伊德在论述宗教与文明中所逐渐发展完善的宏观理论。在微观的个体社会化方面，弗洛伊德运用了个体性发展的五阶段论来阐述自然属性的个人是怎样首先从家庭开始慢慢的发展成为符合社会标准要求的社会人。弗洛伊德这些关于社会化的观点正好切合了库利的“镜中我”和“初级群体”的社会学概念。在宏观的社会理论方面，弗洛伊德运用本能理论来阐述宗教和文明的发展。弗洛伊德认为建立在宗教基础上的文明更是一种幻想，取得了当时社会学家的认同，但对于用什么代替宗教来整合社会秩序的疑问，迪尔凯姆认为是科学信仰，帕累托则认为是感情，而韦伯相信“契约”的整合力量。此外，弗洛伊德还更深入到了文明的本质中去探讨本能与文明之间的关系，发现个人与社会的紧张关系反映在精神层面就是本能与文明的冲突，进一步提出若想让文明得到发展，就应当合理的避免死亡本能或进攻性本能对于社会生活的干扰。帕森斯、弗洛姆、哈贝马斯和马尔库塞等这些二十世纪的社会思想家们都从弗洛伊德的理论中获得了思想源泉。而在当代的美国理论界，这些社会学理论和精神分析学说的融合也逐渐的形成了一个新的思想流派，即精神分析社会学。
[Abstract]:Freud, as one of the most influential social thinkers in human history, played an important role in the development of social theory in the whole 20th century. Its influence is not confined to the field of psychology, but also in other fields of humanities and social sciences such as philosophy, sociology, politics, literature and so on. Under the background of drastic social changes in the West, Freud and many social thinkers began to explore the causes of social existence and the motive force of social change. The research theme of this social science can also be summed up as "Hobbes problem", that is, how the individual of "man to man is wolf" is integrated into the life of collective society. Freud provided a new explanation for the subject of sociology from the perspective of psychoanalysis. Freud's theoretical system can be simply divided into five parts, namely, the theory of initial process and secondary process; the theory of stage of sexual development; the theory of Ribedo; the trinity of human spiritual mechanism; and the theory of sexual instinct to death instinct. The first four theoretical systems belong to the microscopic level, while the theories of sexual instinct and death instinct are the macroscopic theories developed gradually by Freud in discussing religion and civilization. In the aspect of microcosmic individual socialization, Freud uses the five-stage theory of individual development to explain how the individual with natural attributes develops slowly from family to social person according with social standards. Freud's views on socialization fit into Kuli's sociological concepts of "I in the mirror" and "primary group." In the macroscopic social theory, Freud uses instinct theory to expound the development of religion and civilization. Freud thought that civilization based on religion was even more a fantasy, which was recognized by sociologists at that time, but Dilkheim thought it was scientific belief in the question of what to replace religion to integrate the social order. Pareto thought it was emotion, while Weber believed in the integrated power of the contract. In addition, Freud went deeper into the nature of civilization to explore the relationship between instinct and civilization, and found that the tension between individual and society reflected in the spiritual level is the conflict between instinct and civilization. Further, if we want civilization to develop, we should avoid the interference of death instinct or offensive instinct to social life. Parsons, Fromm, Habermas, Marcuse, and other social thinkers of the 20th century all obtained the source of thought from Freud's theory. In the contemporary American theoretical circle, the fusion of these sociological theories and psychoanalytic theories has gradually formed a new school of thought, that is, psychoanalytic sociology.
【学位授予单位】：福州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C91-06

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