发现沉默的大多数——美国保守主义研究20年

发布时间：2018-07-18 20:57

【摘要】：20世纪美国史学变化纷繁,但"自由主义宏大叙事"影响一直甚巨,它强调进步主义—自由主义在美国历史中的重要性,将保守主义斥为远离美国政治与社会主流的边缘和极端。60年代开始有学者质疑这种范式,指出20世纪美国的种种保守主义运动乃是源自传统思想遗产,与美国政治和文化主流殊途同归,需要加以深入研究。不过一直到90年代艾伦·布林克利提出"美国保守主义的问题"并引起广泛关注后,相关研究才真正进入繁荣时期,在此过程中20世纪美国史几乎被重写。学者们把现代美国保守主义的起源追溯到20世纪二三十年代,甚至更早,认为它在80年代以后的复兴是长期蓄积力量的最终爆发;它在南方的发展模式不仅是战后美国总趋势的反映,而且是其典型;曾经的"自由主义共识"则被普遍质疑,"新政"、"沉默的50年代"、"激进的60年代"和"失落的70年代"都被重新诠释。同时史学界也开始对取得的成就和存在的问题进行反思,提出要警惕"辉格主义"倾向,避免走向夸大保守主义的成功和自由主义"崩溃"的另一极端,抛弃二元对立的传统思维方式,从整体上考察战后政治进程。因此对保守主义的研究便不仅关乎其本身的重要性,而且将反映出20世纪美国历史更宏大的结构性变迁。
[Abstract]:In the 20th century, American historiography changed a lot, but the influence of "liberal grand narration" has always been great. It emphasizes the importance of progressive-liberalism in American history. Denouncing conservatism as the edge away from the mainstream of American politics and society, some scholars began to question this paradigm in the 1960s, pointing out that the conservative movements of the 20th century in the United States originated from the heritage of traditional ideas. Different ways from the mainstream of American politics and culture need to be studied in depth. However, it was not until the 1990s when Alan Brinkley raised the issue of American conservatism that it attracted widespread attention that the relevant research actually entered a period of prosperity, in which the 20th century American history was almost rewritten. Scholars trace the origin of modern American conservatism back to the 1920s and 1930s or even earlier, and think that its revival after the 1980s is the final outbreak of long-term accumulative power. Its development pattern in the South is not only a reflection of the general trend of the United States after the war, but also a typical one. The old liberal consensus was widely questioned, with the New deal, the silent 1950s, the radical 60 s and the lost 70 s being reinterpreted. At the same time, historians also began to reflect on their achievements and existing problems, and put forward the need to guard against the tendency of "Whigelitism" to avoid the other extreme of exaggerating the success of conservatism and the "collapse" of liberalism. Abandoning the traditional thinking mode of dualistic opposition and examining the postwar political process as a whole. Therefore, the study of conservatism not only concerns its own importance, but also reflects the larger structural changes in American history in the 20th century.
【作者单位】：复旦大学历史学系;
【基金】：教育部重点研究基地重大项目“现代性与西方的比较文明研究”(项目批准号:05JJDZH225)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：K712.5

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