德美外交行为模式比较研究：外交文化的视角

发布时间：2018-01-13 23:00

本文关键词：德美外交行为模式比较研究：外交文化的视角　出处：《北京外国语大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文发现并引入德国学术界提出的“外交文化”理论,以此出发解读具有高度稳定性和连续性的战后德国外交文化特征。论文对比研究德美两国外交文化可以凸显其相异和相同之处,但研究重点仍是德国外交文化及其对冷战后外交行为方式的影响,对美国外交文化及其外交行为方式的研究主要作为参照物。 “外交文化”理论是指一国社会各界所形成的与特定政治与历史背景密切相关的外交认同与外交观念,及其对于外交政策与外交行为方式的期待与要求。近代以来,德国历史多次发生断裂,其政治和外交文化也发生巨大变化。战后德国遭到国际社会严厉惩罚,国家分裂为东、西德两部分。1949年成立的联邦德国建立起议会制民主政体,随着公民政治参与程度提高、学生运动以及和平主义思潮崛起,促进了西德社会的历史反思,为其政治和外交文化的转折奠定了基础。西德民众逐渐摒弃以军国主义为特征的旧德意志外交文化,新的外交文化具有1.拒绝德国特殊道路；2.积极融入西方阵营；3.奉行多边主义外交4.向欧共体／欧盟让渡部分主权；5.保持克制文化等特征。冷战后,德国参与了一系列海外军事行动,由此展开了德国社会上有关其外交文化是否背离战后所坚持的“克制文化”的激烈争论。与德国不同,美国没有沉重的历史包袱,美国政治体系与历史没有像德国那样发生重大断裂,美国外交文化具有历史连续性,其特点可以概括为：1.在多边主义与单边主义之间徘徊；2.作为西方核心国家承担全球责任,这与“美国例外论”、“天定命运”观及客观上综合实力最强等因素密不可分；3.具有强烈的“国家利益至上观”和务实精神；4.二战结束以来美国由于军事实力强大倾向于使用武力及武力威慑,而频繁动武也引发了社会大众的厌战情绪。美国对德国战后政治制度、政治文化以及社会观念影响较大,德美两国的国家利益与价值观具有相似之处,这是跨大西洋价值观共同体的基础,也是本文选取德美外交文化特点对两国外交行为方式进行比较的前提之一。然而,德美两国的社会文化、历史背景、政治体系以及经济制度也存在差异,从而形成了不尽相同的外交文化。这种差异体现在政治思想、国家认同、对待军事行动态度、多边主义认知、承担国际责任的意愿以及国家利益观等方面。总体来看,德国社会各界对于使用武力有着“神经质”的敏感,把武力只作为最后的解决手段,主张世界不同文化与政体之间的合作对话,渐进式推动国际民主,其外交文化更加具有思辨性,很大程度上并不认同美国操之过急的军事冒险行动,加之德国实力不及美国,因此无论从法律原则上还是外交实践中其外交行为都更加注重多边主义、尊重国际机制与国际法权威、限制武力运用并且提倡通过外交途径解决国际冲突。本文着重通过外交文化阐释外交行为方式,但需要指出,外交文化固然是影响一国外交行为与外交政策的重要因素之一,然而一国的外交行为同样受到国家利益、内政等因素的影响和制约,是多种因素综合作用的结果。
[Abstract]:This paper finds and introduces the theory of " diplomatic culture " put forward by the German academic community as a starting point to interpret the post - war German diplomatic culture features with high stability and continuity . The thesis compares the diplomatic culture of Germany and the United States to highlight its similarities and similarities , but the research focus is still on the influence of German diplomatic culture and its influence on diplomatic behavior in the post - cold war . The study of American diplomatic culture and its diplomatic behavior is mainly as reference . The theory of " diplomatic culture " refers to the diplomatic identification and diplomatic concept closely related to the special political and historical background , and its expectation and request for foreign policy and diplomatic behavior . Since the end of the Cold War , Germany participated in a series of overseas military operations , thus spreading the fierce debate about whether its diplomatic culture deviated from the " restraint culture " held after the war . Unlike Germany , the United States has no heavy historical burden . The American political system and history do not have a major break like Germany . The American diplomatic culture has its historical continuity . However , the social culture , the historical background , the political system and the economic system of Germany and the United States are different from each other , so as to form a diplomatic culture which is different from that of the United States . The differences are reflected in the political thought , the national identity , the attitude towards military action , the cognition of multilateralism , the willingness to bear international responsibility and the national interest . This paper focuses on the interpretation of diplomatic behavior through diplomatic culture , but it needs to be pointed out that the diplomatic culture is one of the important factors which influence the diplomatic behavior and foreign policy of a country . However , the diplomatic behavior of one country is also influenced and restricted by the national interests and internal affairs . It is the result of the comprehensive function of various factors .

【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D851.6;D871.2

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