德国难民危机研究：进程、政策与影响

发布时间：2018-01-30 10:32

本文关键词： 德国难民危机难民政策影响　出处：《华东师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着全球化的进展加快,难民问题已经成为了一大挑战。由于地理位置相距西亚北非等动荡地区较近,欧洲已经成为了全世界难民问题最为严峻的地区之一。在本次难民危机中,以"叙利亚小难民土耳其伯顿沙滩遇难事件"和"巴黎恐怖袭击事件"为分界点,可以分为初始阶段、大量涌入阶段和逐渐减少阶段。本次难民危机与德国历史上经历的两次难民潮相比,具有以下特点:一是难民自身具有特殊性,多为年轻男性,且以穆斯林难民为主;二是难民数量巨大,本次难民危机中德国是接收难民数量最多的欧洲国家;三是难民来源国集中,难民多来自西亚北非地区,叙利亚内战难民数量最多;四是难民进入欧洲国家的路径具有集中性,难民多是从地中海东线、地中海西线和巴尔干东线进入欧洲再前往德国。随着难民危机形势的变化,默克尔政府的难民政策也随之变化,可以相应地分为犹豫观望阶段、开放欢迎阶段和重新收紧阶段。在犹豫观望阶段,默克尔政府还没有出台明确的难民政策;在开放欢迎阶段,默克尔"我们做得到!"的口号和接收难民数量不设上限的难民政策吸引了大量难民前来德国避难;在重新收紧阶段,德国严格避难申请程序,加快没有获得避难权难民的遣返工作。默克尔难民政策主要存在四个方面的失误:一是低估了本次难民危机的复杂性和严峻性;二是高估了其他欧洲国家的合作程度;三是忽视了德国民众的利益和心理变化;四是忽视了德国的移民传统。难民危机对于德国的积极影响主要是难民安置拉动德国内需,刺激经济发展,缓解老龄化和劳动力短缺的问题。消极影响主要体现在以下三个方面:一是在国内方面,不利于德国经济的可持续发展,对德国安全局势构成威胁和对德国宗教文化造成冲击;二是在政治方面,默克尔政府的支持率下降,极右翼政党德国选择党正在崛起;三是在德国与欧盟的关系方面,德国在欧盟中的领导地位受到一定冲击。解决难民问题可以从以下三个方面进行:一是稳定叙利亚局势;二是与其他国家合作接收难民;三是严格避难申请流程,加快难民融入进程。
[Abstract]:With the acceleration of globalization, the refugee problem has become a major challenge because of its geographical proximity to volatile regions such as West Asia and North Africa. Europe has become one of the world's most serious refugee problems. In the refugee crisis, the "Syrian refugee Burton Beach disaster in Turkey" and the "Paris terrorist attacks" as the boundary point. The refugee crisis has the following characteristics compared with the two refugee flows experienced in the history of Germany: the first is the particularity of the refugees themselves. Young men, mostly Muslim refugees; Second, the number of refugees is huge, in this refugee crisis, Germany is the European country receiving the largest number of refugees; Third, the origin country of refugees is concentrated, most of the refugees come from West Asia and North Africa, and the number of refugees in the Syrian civil war is the most; Fourth, the route of refugees entering European countries is centralized. Most of the refugees enter Europe from the eastern Mediterranean line, the western Mediterranean line and the eastern Balkan line to Germany. With the change of refugee crisis situation. The refugee policy of Merkel government has changed with it, which can be divided into three stages: the stage of hesitancy, the stage of open welcome and the stage of re-tightening. In the stage of hesitancy, the government of Merkel has not issued a clear policy on refugees; In the open welcome phase, Merkel "we can do it!" The slogan "and the unlimited number of refugees admitted to Germany" has attracted a large number of refugees to take refuge in Germany; During the re-tightening phase, Germany's strict asylum application process. Speed up the repatriation of refugees without asylum rights. Merkel's refugee policy mainly has four mistakes: first, underestimated the complexity and severity of the refugee crisis; Second, the degree of cooperation of other European countries has been overestimated; Third, ignoring the interests and psychological changes of the German people; The positive impact of the refugee crisis on Germany is that the resettlement of refugees will stimulate domestic demand and stimulate economic development in Germany. The negative effects are mainly reflected in the following three aspects: first, in the domestic aspect, it is not conducive to the sustainable development of the German economy. Threats to the security situation in Germany and an impact on German religious culture; Second, in the political aspect, the support rate of Merkel government falls, and the far-right party, the German Choice Party, is rising; Third, in the relations between Germany and the European Union, Germany's leading position in the EU has been challenged to a certain extent. The solution to the refugee problem can be carried out from the following three aspects: first, to stabilize the situation in Syria; Second, cooperation with other countries to receive refugees; Third, strict asylum application procedures to speed up the refugee integration process.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D751.6;D815.6

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