晚清山东地方对外交涉研究

发布时间：2018-02-26 04:04

本文关键词： 晚清山东地方交涉山东巡抚　出处：《中国海洋大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：两次鸦片战争后，随着一系列不平等条约的签订，以“华夷秩序”为特征的传统对外交涉体制逐步为由西方列强所主导的近代“条约体系”所取代。在向近代国际关系转变的过程中，受传统“夷夏”观念束缚的清朝统治中枢仍旧奉行着“外交在外”的方针，竭力避免与外人发生直接的接触，这就给了地方官员参与地方交涉事务提供了机会。 1861年烟台开埠，西方势力开始正式进入山东境内。为应对日益频繁的地方交涉事务，山东先后在烟台及被列强强租的威海卫、青岛和自开商埠中设立了地方交涉机构，并于1898年设立了山东历史上第一个统管全省交涉的专职机构－山东洋务局。本文首先简要介绍了鸦片战争前山东地方的对外交往，接着以时间为线索追述了晚清山东地方交涉机构的沿革，制度须与人事相配合方能发挥作用，在论述地方交涉的制度更迭后，第三章对在地方交涉中处于核心地位的地方督抚进行分析，从三个方面总结了地方督抚的交涉权限，并以19世纪末20世纪初前后几任山东巡抚截然不同的对外交涉表现为例，说明实行“首长制”的地方交涉体系中督抚的对外态度对地方交涉所造成的影响。第四部分主要探讨山东地方交涉事务的处理流程及交涉对象，并借助具体案例进行说明。地方交涉牵涉中外官民、领事等多方利益，必须遵循一定的交涉程序才能妥善办理。随着各项条约的签订及外人活动的日渐深入，晚清山东地区对外交涉的程序逐步形成，本文结合实际情况将其分为常规交涉和特殊交涉两部分。第五部分对晚清山东地方对外交涉进行总体分析。对晚清山东地方交涉的特点进行了总结，并阐明了晚清山东地方交涉的重要性。总的来说，晚清时山东地方交涉基本上朝着专业化和近代化的方向发展，并对其他地区和省份的交涉事务起到了积极的影响和带动作用。地方交涉机构逐步完善的过程，，也是清政府面对外力进行改革的过程，虽然有权责不清、东抚权力过大、机构松散诸多缺点，但地方交涉机构和相关交涉官员为维护国家主权和地方权益做出了一定贡献，他们的努力是值得肯定的。
[Abstract]:After the two Opium Wars, with the signing of a series of unequal treaties, The traditional foreign negotiation system characterized by "the order of China and Yi" was gradually replaced by the modern "treaty system" dominated by western powers. The ruling center of Qing Dynasty, which was bound by the traditional idea of "Yi Xia", still pursued the policy of "diplomacy outside" and tried to avoid direct contact with outsiders, which provided the opportunity for local officials to participate in local affairs negotiations. In 1861, when Yantai was opened, Western forces began to formally enter the territory of Shandong. In order to deal with the increasingly frequent local bargaining affairs, Shandong successively set up local bargaining bodies in Yantai and Weihaiwei, which were rented by big powers, Qingdao and its own commercial ports. In 1898, Shandong Westernization Bureau, the first specialized organization in Shandong history, was set up to manage the negotiations of the whole province. Firstly, this paper briefly introduced the local foreign exchanges before the Opium War. Then, taking time as the clue, the paper recounts the evolution of Shandong local bargaining organization in the late Qing Dynasty, and the system must be coordinated with personnel in order to play a role. After discussing the change of the local negotiation system, The third chapter analyzes the central position of the local governor in the local negotiation, summarizes the negotiation authority of the local governor from three aspects, and takes the different representations of several Shandong governors before and after the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century as an example. This paper explains the influence of governor's foreign attitude on local negotiation in the local negotiation system of "head system". Part 4th mainly discusses the process and object of dealing with the local negotiation affairs in Shandong, and explains it with the help of specific cases. The local negotiation involves the interests of Chinese and foreign officials, consuls, etc. With the signing of various treaties and the deepening of the activities of outsiders, the procedure for dealing with foreign affairs in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty has gradually formed. Combined with the actual situation, this paper divides it into two parts: conventional negotiation and special negotiation. In the 5th part, the author makes a general analysis of the local foreign negotiations in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty, summarizes the characteristics of the local negotiations in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty, and clarifies the importance of the local negotiations in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty. In general, in the late Qing Dynasty, Shandong's local negotiations basically developed towards specialization and modernization, and played a positive and driving role in the negotiation affairs of other regions and provinces. It was also a process for the Qing government to carry out reform in the face of external forces. Although the Qing government had unclear powers and responsibilities, the power of the east was too large and the organization was loose, but the local bargaining bodies and the relevant negotiation officials had made certain contributions to safeguarding national sovereignty and local rights and interests. Their efforts are commendable.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K252;D829

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