美国政府对以色列核计划的政策及原因探析（1958-1969）

发布时间：2018-03-29 13:37

本文选题：美国外交　切入点：以色列　出处：《南京大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：自第二次世界大战末期核武器出现以来,核武器对于人类生存和国家间政治产生了深刻的影响。鉴于美国政府长期宣称防止核扩散是其对外政策的一个重要目标,它当时究竟如何看待和处理以色列这个中东主要盟友的核武计划,一直是一个重要的未解之谜。根据近几年解密的美国外交档案和国外学者的相关研究,基本上可以确定以色列至迟在1958年前即已启动其核计划,大约在1968年左右已事实上具备核能力。本文主要探讨的是在以色列谋求获取核武器能力的十年左右时间里,从艾森豪威尔政府、到肯尼迪政府、再到约翰逊政府、最后到尼克松政府的四届美国政府对以色列核计划的反应和制定的政策。鉴于尼克松政府在以色列跨越核门槛时期所扮演的关键角色,本文将对尼克松政府上台初期的内部争执,妥协和政策变化做较为深入的分析。本文的第一章主要阐述的是以色列谋求获取核武器的背景。从一开始,核武器对于以色列民族来说就有着与其他大多数民族相比不同的意义。对于一个历史上数次经历灭国,尤其是又遭受纳粹大屠杀悲剧的民族来说,对于民族生存和国家独立的渴求远远超过其他民族的想象。早在重建现代以色列国之前,为了使犹太民族从此避免二战中悲剧的重演,以大卫·本一古里安(David Ben-Gurian)为代表的以色列建国先贤就已经产生了获取核武器的想法。第二章开始讨论艾森豪威尔政府对以色列核计划的政策。基本结构是先论述艾森豪威尔政府对核扩散的整体态度,再具体到艾森豪威尔政府对以色列核项目的反应以及出现的失误,最后再分析艾森豪威尔政府对以色列核计划政策的原因。在最初的阶段,美国政府的情报出现了问题,但是随着事态的发展,尤其是中东局势朝着越来越不利于美国的方向发展,美国政府开始承认并利用以色列的战略价值,与之相对应的是对以色列核计划的反应和政策也不再具有起初较为排斥的色彩。第三章主要探讨的是肯尼迪政府对以色列核计划的政策,分别从肯尼迪政府面临的防扩散形势及其整体的防扩散政策,肯尼迪政府对以色列核项目的政策以及美以在核问题上的交锋,肯尼迪政府对以色列核政策形成的原因等三个方面进行讨论。艾森豪威尔政府在以色列核计划上的失误及其近乎不作为的政策使得美国政府错过了遏止以色列核项目的最佳时机,也给肯尼迪政府造成了困难。肯尼迪政府面临的是更为复杂的防扩散形势。为了扭转这一态势,肯尼迪显示出强大决心并展开积极行动,但是由于国内政治和国际局势的原因,其最终并未能有效遏制住以色列的核计划。第四章主要探讨的是约翰逊政府对以色列核计划的政策。分别从约翰逊政府面临的核扩散形势及其全球防扩散政策,约翰逊政府对以色列核项目的政策及美以博弈,约翰逊政府对以色列核政策的原因等三个方面进行分析讨论。肯尼迪遇刺留给继任总统约翰逊一个更加复杂也更为严峻的核扩散形势,尤其是在1964年10月中国核试验成功之后,约翰逊政府不得不考虑中国拥有核武器可能引发的连锁效应。约翰逊政府转变了此前的消极防扩散政策,采取了相对积极的政策。但是具体到以色列这一案例上来说,这一转变的影响并不明显。在约翰逊执政的五年多时间里,以色列获取核武器的努力反而取得了重大进展。第五章主要探讨的是尼克松政府对以色列核项目的政策。分别从尼克松面临的新的全球局势,防扩散形势,尼克松政府在地缘政治方面的思考,尼克松政府内部对以色列核问题的考虑和讨论,尼克松政府对以色列核政策的成型及其原因等三个方面来分析。到尼克松上台时,以色列事实上已经拥有了核武器能力。从当时的国际形势和尼克松、基辛格的外交哲学与执政理念来说,尼克松政府面临的问题并非美国是否需要动用强大武力废除以色列的核能力,而是美国如何面对这一现实。最终,在强力废止以色列的核能力和默许支持以色列拥有核能力的选项之间,出于种种复杂的国际国内因素的考虑,尼克松政府选择了后者。以色列核国家的地位事实上得到了美国政府的默认和支持。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the Second World War nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons for human survival and politics among countries have had a profound impact. In view of the United States government has long claimed that nuclear proliferation is an important goal of its foreign policy, it was exactly how to deal with Israel in the middle east main ally's nuclear programme has been one of the most important unsolved mysteries. According to the related research in recent years declassified American diplomatic documents and foreign scholars, basically can determine Israel at the latest in 1958 before the start of its nuclear program, around 1968 has in fact have nuclear capability. This article is mainly on in Israel seek to acquire nuclear weapons capability ten years, from the Eisenhower administration to the Kennedy administration to the Johnson administration, and finally to the Nixon administration's four session of the United States government of Israel's nuclear programme The reaction and the formulation of the policy. In view of the Nixon government in the key role played by Israel across the nuclear threshold period, the Nixon administration took office early internal disputes and compromise policy changes do more in-depth analysis. The first chapter mainly elaborates the Israel seek to acquire nuclear weapons in the background. From the beginning, nuclear weapons for Israel nation has compared with most other national different meanings. For a history of several experiences out of the country, especially to suffer the Nazi Holocaust tragedy of the nation, the desire for national survival and national independence far more than other national imagination. Long before the reconstruction of modern State of Israel, in order to make the Jewish people from to avoid a repeat of the tragedy of World War II, by David Benskuria (David Ben-Gurian) as the representative of Israel's founding fathers had been produced by the Take the idea of nuclear weapons. The second chapter begins with a discussion of the Eisenhower administration's policy on Israel's nuclear program. The basic structure is first discussed the Eisenhower administration of nuclear proliferation overall attitude, more specific to the Eisenhower government response to Israeli nuclear program and the failure of the Eisenhower administration, and finally analysis of reasons for the Israeli nuclear program in the first policy. The stage, the U.S. government intelligence problems, but with the development of the situation, especially in the middle east toward the more is not conducive to the direction of the United States and the U.S. government began to recognize and use the strategic value of Israel, corresponding to Israel's nuclear program and policy reaction is no longer the first is rejection color. The third chapter mainly discusses the Kennedy administration policy on Israel's nuclear program, separately from the Kennedy government is facing anti The diffusion of nonproliferation policies and the whole situation, the Kennedy administration policy on the Israeli nuclear program and to the nuclear issue on the confrontation, to discuss the three aspects of the Kennedy administration on the formation of Israel's nuclear policy and other reasons. Eisenhower government failure in Israel's nuclear programme and policy as the government almost missed the best time to curb the Israeli nuclear project, also caused difficulties for the Kennedy administration. The Kennedy administration is facing a more complex situation of non-proliferation. In order to reverse this situation, Kennedy showed a strong determination and positive action, but because of domestic political and international situation, the final and failed to effectively curb the Israeli nuclear plan. The fourth chapter mainly discusses the Johnson administration policy on Israel's nuclear program. From the nucleation diffusion facing the Johnson administration The potential and the global nonproliferation policy, the Johnson administration policy on the Israeli nuclear program and the United States to the game, the three aspects of the Johnson administration on Israel's nuclear policy and other reasons were analyzed and discussed. The Kennedy assassination to the president Johnson a more complex and more nuclear proliferation situation is grim, especially after October 1964 China successful nuclear test Johnson, the government had to consider the chain effect of Chinese nuclear weapons may be triggered. The Johnson administration changed the negative non-proliferation policy had taken a relatively positive policy, but specific to the case of Israel for the impact of this change is not obvious. In Johnson's five years, Israel's nuclear weapons efforts but has made significant progress. The fifth chapter mainly discusses the Nixon administration policy on Israel's nuclear program. From Nigeria Nixon facing new global situation, non-proliferation situation, thinking in terms of geopolitics of the Nixon administration, to consider and discuss on Israel's nuclear problem within the Nixon administration, the three aspects of the Nixon administration on Israel's nuclear policy forming and their causes analysis. Nixon took office, the fact that Israel has nuclear weapons from the international situation at that time. And Nixon, Kissinger's diplomatic philosophy and political philosophy, Nixon's problem is not whether the United States needs to use a powerful force to abolish Israel's nuclear capability, but the United States how to face this reality. Finally, in between the strong abolished Israel's nuclear capability and the acquiescence of support for Israel's nuclear capability option for international and domestic, many complex factors into consideration, the Nixon Administration chose the latter. Israel's nuclear status of the country in fact have To the default and support of the US government.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D871.2;D815.2

【参考文献】