奥巴马政府出口管制改革研究

发布时间：2018-04-08 10:30

本文选题：美国　切入点：出口管制　出处：《外交学院》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：出口管制是指一个国家对于其国内公司和个人的出口申请依据国家的法律和政策进行审议和控制的行为。国家一般出于贯彻外交政策、维护国家安全、保护经济利益及保护环境等原因，对军品、两用品及大规模杀伤性武器进行管制，管制的方式主要包括建立多边防扩散机制、完善国家出口管制体系以及建立企业内部自律机制等。美国出口管制的历史悠久，最早可追溯到独立战争时期，二战后建成体系并沿用至今。为加强出口管制，美国制定了大量的法律，并由国务院、商务部、能源部、财政部、国防部等不同的行政部门分担执行。鉴于出口管制体系不能适应新的要求，2009年8月，奥巴马政府开始对美国的出口管制系统改革。改革的主要目标是大幅减少管控物项，对更具有技术敏感性的物项实施更加严格的管控。改革的内容包括“四个统一”，即统一出口管制清单、统一出口管制许可机构、统一出口管制执法机构以及统一信息技术系统。政府为改革制定了“三步走”的改革进程，目前《军品清单》中的大部分物项已经转移到《商业控制清单》中，统一的出口管制协调机构已经建立，有关部门正在有序接入统一的IT系统。此次出口管制改革的思路清晰，重点突出，惠及盟国，引发了西方国家联动反应，但其前景仍不明朗。在此次改革中，中国仍是重点关注的对象，对中国的管制更加严厉，不利于扩大中美双边贸易，，对中国企业出口和创新能力会造成一定的冲击。政府、研究机构和企业等主体应利用改革仍在进行之中的契机，采取措施，争取改革向有利于中国的方向发展。
[Abstract]:Export control refers to the behavior that a country considers and controls the export applications of its domestic companies and individuals according to the national laws and policies.Generally speaking, for reasons such as implementing foreign policy, safeguarding national security, protecting economic interests and protecting the environment, the state exercises control over military products, dual-use goods and weapons of mass destruction. The main means of control include the establishment of a multilateral non-proliferation mechanism.Perfect the national export control system and establish the internal self-discipline mechanism of enterprises.American export controls have a long history, dating back to the Revolutionary War, the system was built after World War II and is still in use.To strengthen export controls, the United States has enacted a large number of laws, and the State Department, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Energy, the Treasury, the Department of Defense and other different administrative departments share enforcement.The Obama administration began reforming the U.S. export control system in August 2009, as the export control system failed to meet new requirements.The main objective of the reform is to significantly reduce the number of controlled items and to impose stricter controls on more technologically sensitive items.The reform includes "four unifications", namely, the harmonization of export control lists, the harmonization of export control licensing agencies, the unification of export control enforcement agencies and the unification of information technology systems.The government has developed a "three-step" reform process for the reform. At present, most of the items in the military products list have been transferred to the Commercial Control list, and a unified export control coordination body has been established.The departments concerned are accessing the unified IT system in an orderly manner.The idea of the export control reform is clear and focused, benefiting the allies and triggering a concerted Western reaction, but the prospects remain unclear.China remains the focus of the reform. Tougher controls on China are not conducive to expanding bilateral trade between China and the United States, and will have an impact on Chinese companies' export and innovation capabilities.The government, research institutions and enterprises should take advantage of the opportunity that the reform is still going on and take measures to develop the reform in favor of China.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D871.2

【引证文献】