冷战后美国对中亚援助政策研究

发布时间：2018-04-20 02:30

本文选题：对外援助 + 美国中亚政策　；参考：《复旦大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：对外援助兴起是战后国际关系的重大变化,也是美国外交政策的重要改革。它能从多个方面维护和促进美国的海外利益。冷战结束后,美国逐步介入中亚事务并最终成为能够影响中亚事务的主要参与者之一。在这个过程中,对外援助作为美国中亚政策的工具发挥了重要作用,但总的来说,其影响较为有限。本文围绕美国对中亚援助的动机、美国对中亚援助的规划、美国对中亚援助的实施、美国对中亚援助的结构,以及美国对中亚援助的影响等主题对冷战结束后美国对中亚的援助政策做了较为全面的论述,并着重从援助竞争角度分析了美国对中亚援助政策效力有限的问题。论文首先从定义、种类、性质等方面入手阐述了对外援助的基本内涵,随后对援助动机、援助运作、援助效力这三个对外援助研究的重点问题进行了讨论。试图通过概括、比较学者们对这三个问题的研究成果,一方面确定本文研究的主要问题范畴,一方面建立本文分析论述所遵循的基本路径。就援助动机来说,主要存在于政治、经济和人道主义领域的利己、利他动机构成了民族国家从事对外援助活动的基本动力；就援助运作来说,援助激励和援助惩罚是主权国家利用援助促进国家利益的主要机制；就援助效力来说,援助效力评价是争议颇多的问题,援助政策效力的发挥要受体系、国家和次国家层次因素的影响。文章通过概括梳理对外援助的基本内涵及有关理论要点构筑起本文研究所依赖的概念共识。冷战结束后美国向中亚国家提供援助的动机主要存在于政治、经济层次,同时还存在于人道主义层次。美国对中亚援助的政治动机主要包括推动中亚的政治转型、应对来自中亚的安全挑战、开发中亚的战略价值等方面；美国对中亚援助的经济动机主要包括引导中亚建立自由市场体制、促进中亚社会经济发展、在中亚追求现实的商业利益等方面；美国对中亚援助的人道主义动机主要包括缓解中亚的社会困境、生态环境灾害等方面。相比之下,政治经济领域的利益目标是促使美国援助中亚国家的主要原因,人道主义动机虽起作用但地位相对次要。它们共同组成了推动美国向中亚国家提供援助的多元化动机体系。美国在多元动机的驱使下制定和实施了对中亚国家的援助政策。美国对中亚国家的援助框架主要由经济援助和军事援助构成,同时还包括少量其他援助。在美国规划推行对中亚经济援助、军事援助政策的过程中一直面临着内外部“援助竞争”问题。内部的援助竞争主要表现在执行管理美国对中亚援助的行政机构之间,以及立法机构与美国对中亚援助执行管理机构之间；外部的援助竞争主要表现在援助国美国和中亚受援国之间、援助国美国与其他援助主体之间。存在于四个层次的援助竞争是塑造美国对中亚援助政策的基本背景。冷战后美国对中亚援助政策的制定实施都离不开这四种援助竞争的影响。美国对中亚经济援助和军事援助作为外交政策工具支持美国介入中亚事务,其援助的重点领域、政策的变化调整等都很难能摆脱多层次援助竞争格局对它们的束缚。冷战结束后美国对中亚国家实施经济和军事援助的影响主要表现在政治经济制度转型、社会经济发展、地区安全稳定、地缘政治竞争,以及美国经济收益等领域。从援助国受援国双方互动的角度看,美国对中亚援助不仅影响美国的国家利益,还影响中亚受援国的国家利益。当然,不管对援助国美国还是对中亚受援国而言,援助影响均分为积极和消极两种。由于美国与中亚受援国双方在援助互动中所处的权力地位不同,美国大多数时候占据了主导地位。因此,它比中亚受援国利用援助追求利益的能力要强。但是,在援助目标之间的冲突性、援助部门之间的竞争性、供需诉求之间的差异性,以及多元援助之间的替代性等因素的共同制约下,援助工具在美国推进中亚政策的过程中作用就较为有限。
[Abstract]:The rise of foreign aid is a major change in the post - war international relations and an important reform of the U.S . foreign policy . After the end of the Cold War , the United States has played an important role as a tool in Central Asia policy , but overall it has a limited impact . In this process , the United States has made a more comprehensive discussion about the US aid to Central Asia , the United States ' assistance to Central Asia , the United States ' assistance to Central Asia , and the United States ' assistance to Central Asia .

Firstly , this paper discusses the basic connotation of foreign aid from the aspects of definition , type and nature , and then discusses the key problems of aid motivation , aid operation and aid effectiveness .
In terms of aid operations , aid incentives and aid penalties are key mechanisms for sovereign States to use aid to promote national interests ;
In terms of aid effectiveness , aid effectiveness evaluation is a controversial issue . The effectiveness of aid policy is influenced by systemic , national and subnational factors .

The motives of the United States providing assistance to the Central Asian countries after the end of the cold war mainly exist in the political , economic and humanitarian levels . The United States ' political motives for the assistance of Central Asia mainly include the promotion of the political transition in Central Asia , the security challenges from Central Asia and the strategic value of the development of Central Asia ;
The United States economic motivation for Central Asia assistance mainly includes guiding the establishment of free market system in Central Asia , promoting the social and economic development of Central Asia , and pursuing realistic business interests in Central Asia ;
The United States ' humanitarian motives for Central Asia assistance include , inter alia , the alleviation of the social plight of Central Asia , environmental disasters , etc . In contrast , the interests of the political and economic sphere are the main reasons for the United States to assist the Central Asian States , although their role is relatively minor . Together they form a multi - motivation system that will facilitate the assistance provided by the United States to the Central Asian States .

The United States has developed and implemented aid policies for Central Asian countries under the drive of multiple motives . The United States ' assistance to the Central Asian countries is mainly composed of economic assistance and military assistance , with a small amount of other assistance . In the United States planning to implement the policy of economic assistance and military assistance in Central Asia , there has been a problem of internal " assistance competition " . Internal assistance competition is mainly reflected in the implementation of the United States administration of assistance to Central Asia , as well as between legislative bodies and the United States of the United States for Central Asia assistance ;
The external assistance competition is mainly between the United States of the donor countries and the recipient countries of Central Asia , between the United States of the donor country and other aid entities . The existence of aid competition in the four levels is the basic background of shaping the United States ' assistance policy towards Central Asia . The United States ' implementation of the Central Asia assistance policy in the aftermath of the cold war is inseparable from the impact of the four aid competition . The United States ' assistance to Central Asia ' s economic assistance and military assistance as a foreign policy tool supports the United States involvement in Central Asian affairs , the focus areas of its assistance , and changes in policies , etc . It is difficult to get rid of the constraints of the multi - level assistance competition pattern .

The impact of the United States on the implementation of economic and military assistance to Central Asian countries after the end of the cold war is mainly in the areas of political and economic system transformation , socio - economic development , regional security and stability , geopolitical competition , and U.S . economic benefits .

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D871.2

【引证文献】