迪芬贝克政府时期加美安全关系的研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 06:39

本文选题：迪芬贝克政府 + 安全关系　；参考：《首都师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：1957年6月,加拿大进步保守党领袖约翰·G·迪芬贝克(John G. Diefenbaker)举起加强与英帝国的传统联系、削弱与美国的关系的旗帜取得大选胜利,终结了自由党22年的连续执政。可是,执政后的迪芬贝克政府却沿续圣劳伦特政府的安全政策,在执政不到两个月的时间就批准了北美空防(以下简称诺德,英文简称NORAD)军事协定。该协定规定由美国人担任诺德司令,统一指挥加美两国的空防军事系统,该协定使自1940年8月加美结成军事同盟以来的两国安全关系进入了更全面、更高层次的合作时代。诺德是美国冷战战略的重要组成部分,它使美国的全球战略部署更加完整。诺德和北约组织、美日安保同盟一起成为了美国遏制苏联、称霸全球的重要工具。可是,这一安全决策招致了在野党和加拿大民众的强烈批评,严重损害了迪芬贝克政府的执政基础。诺德建立后,迪芬贝克政府面对的又一难题是1954年启动的重大军事项目—“箭式”歼击机工程(Arrow Project),该项目到了1957年尽管取得重大进展,但是由于加拿大财政困难,继续研制生产将面临严重的经济亏损。迪芬贝克认为,既然诺德足以保护加拿大的安全利益,何必要这样一个耗费巨资,却得不偿失的军工项目,而且苏联在1957年成功开发出洲际导弹使箭式项目失去了防御苏联远程轰炸机的军事功能。因此主张引进更加便宜的美国的波马克(Bomarc)地对空导弹以加强加拿大的空防体系。可是,这样又造成了两个严重后果：一是使加拿大从此失去了建立独立的国防体系的军工能力,二是由于放弃建设自己的国防体系就必须加强引进美国的先进武器系统,这样造成了更加依赖美国的安全保护的局面。其结果就是迪芬贝克政府在诺德建立后必须更加努力地推进加美安全关系。然而,迪芬贝克政府决定终止承载了加拿大民族独立与自尊的箭式项目在加拿大国内造成了两个严重后果：一是加拿大民众因此批判迪芬贝克政府,造成了民众与政府的对立,进一步损害了它的执政基础。二是迪芬贝克政府为了弥补终止弥补箭式项目带来的军工产业的损失,努力加强与美国的军工生产合作,希望分享美国军工生产的经济蛋糕,这就是生产共享计划。可是,其结果又造成了加拿大军工体系成为了美国庞大的军工产业的附庸,而且使加拿大更深地投入了美国的安全怀抱。更大的危机还在于,由于在终止箭式项目后,加拿大引进了大量的美国先进武器,而这些武器只有在配备核弹头或核武器之后才能发挥正常的武器效能,而且,美国的核威慑战略需要加拿大军队无论在海外还是在北美使用这些核武器。然而,受到民众强烈批评的迪芬贝克政府在做出上述两个引起巨大争议的决策之后,为了显示自己并未放弃对国家主权独立和领土完整的追求,先后在第二次柏林危机、天鹰军演、古巴导弹危机上表现出不愿意追随美国安全政策的倾向,这招致了从艾森豪威尔政府到肯尼迪政府的不满,加美安全关系出现了严重的裂痕。肯尼迪政府对迪芬贝克的安全政策的独立倾向非常警惕,认为迪芬贝克政府在古巴导弹危机中的表现是在破坏美国的冷战战略。迪芬贝克政府在引进美国核武器上一方面希望谨慎一点,避免出现诺德和终止箭式项目那样的失误,另一方面,自50年代中期以来国际反核运动的发展在加拿大形成了更大的政治势力,严重影响着此一时期的加拿大政治。加拿大国内政党在核武器的立场出现了竞争,再加上执政党在核武器政策上有出现了严重分裂,使迪芬贝克的核武立场不断摇摆,决策一再延宕。核武问题成为了迪芬贝克政府后期也成了1963年大选的的加拿大的主要政治议题。然而,迪芬贝克政府的拖延决策终于使肯尼迪政府失去了对迪芬贝克本人和迪芬贝克政府的信心和耐心。而且加拿大在核武器决策上的延宕严重威胁到美国的核武器的全球部署和冷战战略,对于美国的霸权也是严重挑战。在欧洲出现法国戴高乐政府挑战美国霸权的情况下,在北美又出现加拿大的反叛,使肯尼迪政府面临西方安全阵线完全破裂的危险。肯尼迪对戴高乐的挑战采取了宽容和忍让的政策,但是对迪芬贝克的反叛采取了坚决镇压的手段,他利用1963年大选以支持反对党自由党的方式搞垮了不听话的迪芬贝克政府。 1963年大选上台执政的皮尔逊政府很快就接受了美国的核武器,以此为标志,加美安全关系重新回到接受美国控制的正常轨道。美国也安全渡过了它冷战最困难的时期。对这段加美安全关系最复杂最动荡的时期进行研究,不仅有助于了解加美安全关系的发展进程,而且有益于探讨冷战高峰时期的国际格局的演变,拓展战后国际关系史的研究范围,从而深化国际冷战史的研究。
[Abstract]:In June 1957 , John G . Diefenbaker , the conservative leader of Canada ' s Progressive Conservative Party , raised the traditional ties with the British Empire , weakened the banner of relations with the United States , and ended the 22 - year continuous administration of the Freedom Party . However , after the ruling , the Government of the United States , which was an important part of the U.S . Cold War strategy , has made the U.S . global strategic deployment more complete .

After the establishment of the Soviet Union , the government faced yet another challenge that was launched in 1954 , the Arrow Project , which went to 1957 despite significant progress , but because of the financial difficulties of Canada , the continued development of production will face serious economic losses . But it has also caused two serious consequences : the Soviet Union ' s successful development of an independent defence system in 1957 , which has resulted in a much more reliance on the security of the United States . The result is that the government has to work harder to advance the security relations with U.S . security after the establishment of its own defence system .

However , the government ' s decision to end an arrow - based project carrying Canadian national independence and self - esteem has caused two serious consequences in Canada : one is that the Canadian people are critical of the government ' s opposition to the government and further undermine its governance foundation . The result , however , has led to the fact that the Canadian military service system has become a proxy for the vast military industry in the United States , and has put Canada deeper into the security arms of the United States .

The bigger crisis is that after ending the arrow project , Canada has introduced a large number of American advanced weapons , which can only function as a normal weapon after they are equipped with nuclear warheads or nuclear weapons . However , the United States ' nuclear deterrence strategy requires Canadian troops to use these nuclear weapons either overseas or in North America . However , Mr . Difbecker , who has been strongly criticized by the population , has shown reluctance to follow the U.S . security policy in the second Berlin crisis , the Eagle Army , the Cuban missile crisis , which has prompted a serious rift between the government and Kennedy ' s government .

Mr . Kennedy ' s independent tendency towards the security policy of Difbecker is very alert to the fact that the government ' s performance in the Cuban missile crisis is undermining the U . S . Cold War strategy . On the other hand , the government ' s delay in the introduction of U.S . nuclear weapons poses a serious challenge to the U.S . hegemony .

Mr . Pearson , who took office in 1963 , soon accepted U.S . nuclear weapons , marking the return of U.S . security relations back to the normal track of American control . The United States also secured the most difficult period of its cold war .

The study of the most complicated and most turbulent period of the security relations in this section will not only help to understand the development process of the Sino - US security relations , but also to explore the evolution of the international pattern during the peak period of the cold war , expand the research scope of the post - war international relations history , and deepen the study of the history of the international cold war .

【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D815

【参考文献】