探讨和反思—中苏论战的影响和启示

发布时间：2018-04-29 09:29

本文选题：中苏论战 + 原因　；参考：《中共山东省委党校》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：从1956年到1966年,中苏论战十年,从最初的思想分歧、单纯理论问题的、争论,逐步发展到攻击彼此的内政外交政策,甚至对各自领导人的攻击,最后,两党两国关系冷淡、紧张直至破裂。这场论战不单是理论问题上的争吵,也伴随着国家关系、党际关系中的控制和反控制、剥夺与被剥夺,以及在意识形态方面关于马克思列宁主义的“正统”之争等。期间,尽管中苏两党对如何坚持和发展社会主义都提出了新的论点,但是,正如邓小平指出的：“经过二十多年的实践,回过头来看,双方都讲了许多空话。……对别国党发表过一些不正确的意见”。、这说明中苏两党对于建设社会主义仍有许多不成熟的理论。中苏论战对中国社会主义建设带来深刻影响。干扰了我国经济建设的正常进行,特别是国内对资本主义复辟的严重估计,造成防修反修形势下一浪接一浪的政治运动,最终酿成“文革”这一严重挫折,给党和国家带来深重灾难。分析中苏论战对原因和后果,对于中国社会主义建设、坚定走适合中国国情的发展道路等,具有重要的借鉴意义。本文分三个部分进行了分析论述。第一部分,主要分析中苏论战爆发的原因,以从纷繁复杂历史事件中,提取中苏论战发生和持续十年的若干因素。中苏论战是在相同意识形态下进行的,不仅涉及国家利益、民族尊严上的控制和反控制之间的斗争,也涉及国际共产主义运动中若干理论问题的分歧,以及中苏两党对于20世纪50、60年代国际局势的不同认知和评估。这场论战是长期以来,中苏两党、两国矛盾积累的结果；国内外重大事件的相互影响,对中苏论战起了推波助澜的作用；论战从理论问题的争论,转向对彼此推行的内外政策的批判,加深了双方的矛盾。与此同时,中苏两党对于20世纪50、60年代的国际局势不同评估,也是中苏论战重要起因。论战从理论问题的争论,转向了对彼此推行的内外政策的批判。第二部分,着重分析了中苏论战的对我国社会主义建设的深刻影响。中苏矛盾逐步加深、分歧逐步扩大,最终导致中苏两党、两国关系的中断。受中苏论战的影响,经济上对“左”倾错误的纠正受到干扰,对新的模式的探索因为担心出现修正主义而被批判。对于修正主义的高度警惕,担心出现如赫鲁晓夫修正主义分子,国内阶级斗争扩大化的形势有增无减,四清运动在全国轰轰烈烈开展；国内意识形态领域掀起大批判的浪潮,“左”倾错误愈演愈烈。批判苏联的修正主义错误也在不断放大中国革命和建设经验的“正确”,认为苏联已经修正主义化了,不能成为国际共产主义运动的中心了,中国应该担当此任,世界革命的中心论铺天盖地。面对苏联在北方边境的巨大军事压力,国家安全受到威胁,并影响对外交往,但也为中国寻求新出路,提供了契机。第三部分,重点论述了中苏论战对我国社会主义建设深刻教训与启示。中苏论战的教训是深刻的：必须正确处理好政党和国家利益的关系,妥善处理分歧,坚持始终维护国家整体利益；必须正确看待领导人的好恶对于政党、国家关系重要性,领导人性格、气质、经历对于国家、政党关系的深远影响；必须正确处理批判个人崇拜与健全约束性制度的关系,推动党内民主建设。中苏论战也为新时期社会主义建设提供了宝贵的借鉴和启示：必须在坚持经济建设上以我为主,互利共赢,必须在政治上坚持民主集中制,积极推动党内民主建设,必须坚持不干涉别国内政,涉及重大理论问题上坚持不搞争论。中苏论战主要是理论之争,深刻反思这场论战,可以看出,坚持思想文化领域服从于社会主义建设的大局,社会才会安定和谐。
[Abstract]:From 1956 to 1966 , the Sino - Soviet Union has made new arguments about how to adhere to and develop socialism . However , as Deng Xiaoping pointed out : " After more than 20 years of practice , the two parties have spoken many empty words .

The Sino - Soviet debate has exerted profound influence on China ' s socialist construction , which has interfered with the normal development of our country ' s economic construction , especially the serious estimate of the return of capitalism , which has caused the serious setback of China ' s anti - repair and anti - repair situation , which has led to a profound disaster for the Party and the country .

In this paper , three parts are analyzed and discussed .

In the first part , the reasons for the outbreak of Sino - Soviet debate are mainly analyzed in order to draw a number of factors from the complicated historical events to the development of the Sino - Soviet debate and the last decade . The Sino - Soviet debate is carried out under the same ideology , not only the struggle between the national interests and the national dignity , but also the different cognition and evaluation of the international situation in the 1950s and 1960s .
The mutual influence of major events at home and abroad has played an important role in Sino - Soviet debate .
At the same time , China and the Soviet Union have made different assessments of the international situation in the 1950s and 1960s , and also the important causes of Sino - Soviet debate . The debate on the theoretical issue has shifted to the criticism of the internal and external policies pursued by each other .

The second part focuses on the analysis of the profound influence of Sino - Soviet debate on the socialist construction in China . The contradiction between China and the Soviet Union gradually deepened and the differences were gradually enlarged , which led to the interruption of Sino - Soviet Union and Sino - Soviet Union relations .
China should take this role as the center of the international communist movement . In the face of the great military pressure on the northern border of the Soviet Union , the security of the country is threatened and the foreign exchange is affected . However , it also provides an opportunity for China to find a new way out .

The third part focuses on the deep lesson and inspiration of Sino - Soviet debate on China ' s socialist construction . The lessons of Sino - Soviet debate are profound : we must correctly deal with the relationship between the political parties and the national interests , properly handle the differences , and persist in the maintenance of the whole country ' s interests ;
It is necessary to treat the leader ' s evil intentions to the political parties , the importance of state relations , the character and temperament of the leaders , and the profound influence on the relationship between the state and the political party ;
We must correctly handle the relationship between critical individual worship and perfect binding system , promote inner - party democracy construction , and provide valuable reference and inspiration for the socialist construction in the new period .

【学位授予单位】：中共山东省委党校
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D829

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