美国南卡罗来纳联邦法令废止权危机研究

发布时间：2018-05-15 23:35

本文选题：美国联邦法令废止权危机 + 联邦宪法　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：联邦法令废止权危机(Nullification Crisis),指的是1832年美国南卡罗来纳宣布联邦法令无效并声称退出联邦所引发的危机。这场危机的直接原因是联邦政府的高额关税政策,南卡罗来纳抗议无效,继而直接拒绝执行。南卡罗来纳的行为造成自身与杰克逊总统的对立,国家一度陷入武力威胁和分裂危险中。危机最终以双方的妥协告终,它对美国宪政和联邦的发展产生了重大影响。本文试图以南卡罗来纳发生的废止权危机这一事件为切入点,以国家构建理论为框架,研究19世纪30年代左右,美国人围绕“把美国建设成什么样的国家”这一问题的争论。19世纪的美国处在经济社会的大变动时代,这一剧变从19世纪初就开始显现。这一时期,美国北部制造业的发展崭露头角,给美国经济发展注入新的活力。与此同时,南部的种植园农业处在繁荣发展阶段。这两种不同的经济发展模式之间存在着不可调和的矛盾,表现在奴隶制问题和联邦经济政策上的对立。伴随着经济发展的剧变,人们在“国家权力的来源”、“国家的权力在联邦政府和州政府之间如何分配”以及“联邦的合法性建立在什么基础上”等问题上产生了新的争议。联邦国会中的国家主义者主张建立强大的联邦政府,削弱各州的权力,州权主义者则主张限制联邦政府的“集权化”进程,捍卫州的权力。南卡罗来纳出于自身利益的考虑,不满联邦政府的关税政策,认为联邦政府的“保护制”关税政策通过牺牲联邦某一区域的利益换取另一区域的繁荣,是“压迫”和“暴政”的表现。南卡罗来纳把自己视作“自由”的捍卫者,以州权理论为依据,声讨联邦政府。政治家约翰·卡尔霍恩将18世纪美国建国时期的州权观点与南卡罗来纳的社会现实结合,炮制出“废止权理论”。该理论认为国家的权力源于各州,州拥有不可侵犯的主权,国家的合法性基础建立在各州的契约之上。依据这一理论,南卡罗来纳决心废止联邦政府颁布的关税政策,宣布该法令在本州内无效。时任美国总统的安德鲁·杰克逊坚持“中立”和“妥协”的宪政观点,认为主权可分,州和国家各持部分主权,国家的合法性建立在人民的基础上,州无权宣布退出联邦。在这一宪政观点的指导下,杰克逊以和平方式结束了危机,时人就“应该把美国建设成什么样的国家”这一问题暂时达成共识,这影响了危机结束至美国内战时期人民的宪政观点。总之,联邦法令废止权危机是一场南部极端州权主义者试图用一种“过时”的州权观点——废止权理论,维护作为“少数者”的南部种植园主利益的运动。这场运动展现了三种关于如何构建国家的观点,即国家主义类型、废止权主义类型以及介于二者之间的“中立”派别之间的碰撞。“中立”的国家构建模式符合19世纪30年代的美国社会经济状况,因此得到了联邦各州的广泛接受。随着奴隶制问题愈演愈烈,美国经济的发展难以维持这种平衡,终于爆发更大的冲突——美国内战。
[Abstract]:The Nullification Crisis of the federal decree refers to the crisis caused by the null and void federal decree announced by South Carolina in 1832. The direct cause of the crisis is the high tariff policy of the federal government, the null and void protest of South Carolina and the direct refusal of the execution of South Carolina. In its own opposition to President Jackson, the country was once in the danger of the threat of force and the danger of splitting. The crisis eventually ended with a compromise between the two sides. It had a major impact on the development of American constitutionalism and the Federation. This article tried to cut the crisis of the right of abolition in South Carolina as a point, and study the 19 world with the framework of national construction theory. During the 30s, the United States around the issue of "what kind of country to build America" was in the era of great changes in economic society in the.19 century. This dramatic change began to emerge from the beginning of nineteenth Century. In this period, the development of manufacturing in the north of the United States was emerging and injected new vitality into the economic development of the United States. At the time, the Southern plantation agriculture was in the stage of prosperity and development. There was an irreconcilable contradiction between the two different economic development models, manifested in the conflict between slavery and the federal economic policy. With the dramatic changes in economic development, people were in the "source of state power", "the power of the state was in the federal government and the state government." There were new controversies on how to distribute "and what foundation the legality of the union was based on." the nationalists in the federal Congress set up a powerful federal government to weaken the power of the States, and the state authoritarianism advocated restricting the "centralization" process of the federal government and defending the state power. Because of its own interests, dissatisfied with the federal government's tariff policy, the federal government's "protection" tariff policy is a manifestation of "oppression" and "tyranny" by sacrificing the interests of a certain region in exchange for the prosperity of another region. South Carolina regards itself as the defender of "freedom", based on the theory of state rights, The federal government. The statesman John Calhoun combined the state power viewpoint of the founding of the United States in eighteenth Century with the social reality of South Carolina, and produced the "theory of abolition right". The theory holds that the power of the state is derived from the States, the state has inviolable sovereignty, and the state's legal basis is based on the contracts of the States. In this theory, South Carolina is determined to abolish the federal government's tariff policy and declare the decree ineffective in the state. Then Andrew Jackson, the president of the United States, insists on the constitutional view of "neutrality" and "compromise", that sovereignty is divided, states and states hold partial sovereignty, and the legitimacy of the state is based on the people. Under the guidance of this constitutional view, Jackson ended the crisis in a peaceful way. The question of "what kind of country should the United States should be built" temporarily reached a consensus, which affected the constitutional view of the people in the civil war during the crisis. In a word, the crisis of the abolition of the federal decree was one. The southern extremist authoritarianism attempts to use a "outdated" state power viewpoint, the theory of abolition, to maintain the interest of the Southern plantation owners as "minority". This movement shows three views on how to build a country, namely the type of nationalism, the type of abolition, and the "neutrality" between the two. The collision between factions. The "neutral" state building model accorded with the social and economic situation of the United States in the 1830s, so it was widely accepted by the federal states. As the problem of slavery intensified, the development of the American economy was difficult to maintain this balance, and finally a greater conflict - the American Civil War.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D871.2

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