国内结构与制度影响：国际气候制度在中、美两国的影响研究（1990-2010）

发布时间：2018-05-16 09:03

本文选题：全球气候治理 + 国际气候制度　；参考：《复旦大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：全球气候危机的日益加剧催生了国际气候谈判的开启。由于进行温室气体减排涉及到各国的历史和代际间的公平、发展权益的保护、新能源和环保节能技术的开发以及资金的转移等问题,这导致了气候变化问题经历了一个从“科学”到“政治”的“政治化”进程。本文认为,应当以辩证的态度来看待全球公共问题的“政治化”现象。全球气候变化问题的“政治化”既会产生消极的影响,也有其积极的一面,不应予以全面否定。作为世界上最大的两个温室气体排放国,中国和美国在全球气候治理中扮演着至关重要的角色。本文借鉴现有研究成果,将国家参与国际制度划分为两种情形——正向参与和反向参与。前者反映了国家与国际制度之间的一种积极关系；后者反映的是国家与国际制度之间的消极关系。通过对中、美两国参与国际气候制度的实践梳理和国际气候制度在两国的影响评判,本文研究发现：总体上而言,中国正向参与了国际气候制度,并且国际气候制度在中国国内发挥了积极的影响,产生了内化效应。美国反向参与了国际气候制度,后者在美国虽然也产生了一定影响,但美国国内的回应多半是消极被动的。换言之,国际气候制度在美国并没有产生明显的内化效应。而对相似的气候变化挑战和温室气体减排压力,中、美两国除了基于国家利益的不同考量之外,作为一种干预变量的国内结构在国际气候制度产生差异性影响的过程中发挥着不可忽视的作用。本文将国家的国内结构类型划分为国家主导型和社会主导型两类,前者以中国为代表,后者以美国为典型。本文研究认为,在中国的国主导型国内结构中,国家权相对集中,国家领导层一旦接受某项国际制度,会很容易在国内自上而下的实施制度。而在美国的社会主导型国内结构中,有效的政策制定总是需要不同部门和机构“权力妥协”和“利益纷争”,这是一个艰难而复杂的博弈过程,无疑会降低国际制度进入国内几率或者令前者产生积极效应的可能性大打折扣。上述解释是构成国际气候制度在中国产生积极影响和内化效应,而在美国则受到某种程度的抵制,未产生内化效应的重要原因之一。需要特别强调的是,本项研究中所涉及的国内结构类型并无任何褒贬色彩,也不能根据本文的研究结论就此断定国家主导型国内结构比社会主导型国内结构具有所谓的“优越性”。最后,论文就本项研究对中国的政策启示作了粗浅的分析,并指出了未来有待进一步探讨的问题。
[Abstract]:The worsening of the global climate crisis has spawned the opening of international climate negotiations. Since reducing greenhouse gas emissions involves the historical and intergenerational equity of countries, the protection of development rights and interests, the development of new energy, environmental protection and energy saving technologies, and the transfer of funds, etc. This has led to a process of politicization of climate change from science to politics. This paper argues that the politicization of global public problems should be viewed dialectically. The politicization of global climate change has both negative and positive effects and should not be completely denied. As the world's two largest emitters of greenhouse gases, China and the United States play a vital role in global climate governance. Based on the existing research results, this paper divides the international system of state participation into two situations: positive participation and reverse participation. The former reflects a positive relationship between the state and the international system, while the latter reflects the negative relationship between the state and the international system. By reviewing the practice of China and the United States in participating in the international climate system and judging the impact of the international climate system on the two countries, this paper finds that, in general, China is positively participating in the international climate system. And the international climate system has played a positive role in China. The United States has participated in the international climate regime in reverse. Although the latter has had some influence in the United States, the domestic response is mostly passive. In other words, the international climate regime does not have a significant internalization effect in the United States. With regard to similar climate change challenges and greenhouse gas abatement pressures, China and the United States, apart from different considerations based on national interests, As an intervention variable, the domestic structure plays an important role in the process of the international climate system. In this paper, the domestic structure of a country is divided into two types: the state-dominated type and the social-dominated type. The former is represented by China and the latter is typical of the United States. In China's state-dominated domestic structure, the power of the state is relatively concentrated. Once the national leadership accepts an international system, it will be easy to implement the system from the top to the bottom in China. In the social dominant domestic structure of the United States, effective policy making always requires "power compromise" and "conflict of interests" between different departments and institutions, which is a difficult and complex game process. There is no doubt that the international system will reduce the probability of entering the country or make the former have a positive effect. The above explanation is one of the important reasons why the international climate system has positive influence and internalization effect in China, while in the United States, it has been resisted to some extent and has not produced the internalization effect. It is particularly important to stress that the types of domestic structures covered in this study do not have any positive or negative implications, Nor can we conclude that the state-dominated domestic structure is superior to the social-dominated domestic structure. Finally, the paper makes a brief analysis of the policy implications of this study, and points out the problems to be further explored in the future.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D820;D871.2;X-01

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