中国和平发展的历史主义分析

发布时间：2018-05-16 13:34

本文选题：中国 + 和平发展　；参考：《中共中央党校》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 中国和平发展论源自对“中国威胁论”的驳斥,将来来源于现实,现实来源于过去,对过去的不正确认识必然造成对现在和将来的错误判断。民族、国家与战争都是在人类文明发展中出现的,具有产生、演进和终结的阶段性,属于历史的范畴。用历史主义的眼光审视国家与战争、和平的关系问题,不失为严谨、全面和科学。探讨中国和平发展的问题就是这样一个历史研究的议程。首先,应探寻中国和西方在彼此交往互动之前的自身文明特质和对外关系特征,由于中西文明的自然环境差异和开始定居农业的时代差异,古代西方形成了以私有制为主要特征的经济社会结构,古代中国则形成了以公有制为主要特征的经济社会结构。具体的物质实践方式创造具体的政治文化。在西方以私有制为主体的经济社会中,个体利益难以从人人平等的契约社会中获得扩张,只能向本社会之外的地域寻求扩张,而在以公有制为主体的古代中国经济社会中,个体利益常常在协作式生产生活的家族、宗族中就可实现,于是铸就古代中国不崇武力的和合文化。同时,古代中国的主体民族和少数民族之间还形成了以文化为主轴的华夷互变关系,这种华夷关系使中华民族具备了开放性的民族品格。中西两大文明自近代交汇碰撞后,中西之间的互动进程中形成了三大枢纽。历史时间枢纽意指中国对来自西方的冲击产生了一种“乘数反应机制”,国际政治枢纽意指中国与西方大国的互动使国家与国家相互敌视的国际无政府状态的内涵发生了扩展和转化,社会结构枢纽意指中国与西方大国的内部社会结构的程度不同的改善使双方的利益需求和对外政策发生了非扩张的时代进化和时代转换。古代中国的外交是王朝政治的附属物,但进入近代以后,外交成为决定中国社会发展的主要因素之一。晚清时期的中西关系是中西对抗和中国失败的交错过程,两者交错反映了近代中西民族冲突的矛盾心态。中西冲突促成了中华民族的觉醒,阻止了西方列强对中国的瓜分,推动了民族主权国家在中国的建立。民国时期外交吸取了晚清外交的经验教训,受西方思想文化影响,民国政府借助西方的外交理念和条约制度等和平手段维系了中国在国际社会中的存在与发展,同时民国政府又采取联盟、均势等现实主义国际战略构筑了反击日本帝国主义的国际阵线,挽救了中华民族的历史命运,也将中国的国际地位提高到了近代以来的最高点。人民共和国前二十年是一个对外战略起伏巨大、变迁迅速的时期,1950年代的“一边倒”战略使中国借助社会主义阵营的力量取得了相对于西方大国的力量均衡,中国因此得以避免与西方的大规模武装冲突。1960年代的“两个拳头打人”战略固然为中国赢得了完全独立自主的主权国家形象,但也使中国付出了巨大代价,当时的窘迫形势推动了1970年代初对外战略的深幅调整。人民共和国的第二个二十年是对外战略深度调整的时期。1970年代中国结束了两面出击的对外战略,与美国关系出现解冻并走向建交,中国在该时期与西方国家的关系逐渐走向正常国家间关系,西方世界自此对中国逐渐开启了和平之门。到了1980年代,美攻苏守的国际态势和中国自身实力的增长使独立自主的外交政策成为中国的最佳对外战略,同时中国领导层既对历史经验作了深刻总结,又对现实世势作了全面审视,得出了世界大战可以避免的重要结论,果断对中国外交作出了以和平为主体的全新调整。从此开启了中国和平发展的国家前进方向。
[Abstract]:The theory of China's peaceful development derives from the refutation of the "Chinese threat theory". The future comes from reality, the reality comes from the past, and the incorrect understanding of the past inevitably leads to the wrong judgment of the present and the future. The question of the relationship between the state and the war and the peace is rigorous, comprehensive and scientific. The issue of China's peaceful development is the agenda of such a historical study.
First, we should explore the cultural and external relations between China and the west before the interaction and interaction between China and the West. Because of the differences in the natural environment of the Chinese and Western civilizations and the differences in the age of the beginning of the settlement of agriculture, the ancient West has formed the economic and social structure characterized by private ownership, and the ancient China has formed the main characteristics of the public ownership system. The economic and social structure, the concrete way of material practice creates a specific political culture. In the economic society which is the main body of private ownership in the west, the individual interests are difficult to expand from the equal contract society, and can only seek expansion from the region outside the society, and in the ancient Chinese economic society with the public ownership as the main body, The body interests are often realized in the family and clan of the cooperative production and life, thus forming the ancient China which does not worship the force of force. At the same time, the relationship between the main and the minority nationalities in ancient China has formed the relationship between the Chinese and the Yi with culture as the main axis, which has made the Chinese nation have an open national character.
After the collision of the two great civilizations between China and the west, three hubs formed in the process of interaction between China and the West. The historical time hub means that China has produced a "multiplier reaction mechanism" for the impact from the West. The international political hub means that the interaction between China and the Western powers makes the international anarchy of the state and the state hostile to each other. The connotation of the society has been expanded and transformed. The social structure hub means that the improvement of the internal social structure between China and the Western powers makes the demand for interest and foreign policy a non expansion of the evolution of the times and the transformation of the times.
The diplomacy of ancient China was an appendage to the dynasty politics, but after entering modern times, diplomacy became one of the main factors that decided the development of Chinese society. The relations between the West and the West in the late Qing Dynasty were the interlacing process of Chinese and Western confrontation and China's failure. The two interlaced reflected the conflict mentality of the modern Chinese and Western conflicts. The awakening, which prevented the Western powers from dividing China into China, promoted the establishment of national sovereign state in China. During the period of the Republic of China, the diplomatic experience and lessons of the late Qing Dynasty were learned, influenced by Western ideology and culture, and the government of the Republic of China maintained the existence and development of China in the international community by means of peaceful means such as the western diplomatic concept and treaty system. At the same time, the government of the Republic of China adopted the alliance and the realist international strategy to build the international front to counter the Japanese imperialism, save the historical fate of the Chinese nation and raise the international status of China to the highest point in modern times.
The first twenty years of the people's Republic was a period of great external strategic fluctuations and rapid changes. The "one-sided" strategy in 1950s made China achieve a balance of strength relative to the Western powers with the strength of the socialist camp. China was able to avoid "two fist punches" in the.1960 years of the armed conflict with the West. "Although the strategy has won a fully independent and sovereign state image for China, it has also paid a huge price for China, when the embarrassing situation promoted the deep adjustment of foreign strategy in the early 1970s.
The second twenty years of the people's Republic is the period of deep adjustment of the foreign strategy. In.1970's period, China ended two foreign strategies. The relations with the United States were thawing and heading for diplomatic relations. China's relations with the western countries were gradually moving towards the normal relations between the countries in this period. The western world has gradually opened the door for peace to China. By the year 1980s, the international situation of the United States and the Soviet Union and the growth of China's own strength made the independent foreign policy the best foreign strategy for China. At the same time, the Chinese leadership has made a profound summary of historical experience and a comprehensive survey of the reality of the world, and draws the important conclusion that the world war can avoid, and it is decisive to China. Diplomacy has made a new adjustment with peace as the main body, and has since opened the direction of China's peaceful development.

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D820

【参考文献】