家长式作风在和平进程中的挑战：论法国在冲突后的中非共和国的角色

发布时间：2018-05-23 19:27

本文选题：家长式作风 + 建设和平　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：非洲的和平与安全一直是国际社会的重要议题,但是对冲突后非洲局势问题的深入研究发展缓慢,国际社会仍需为其和平与稳定的构建和维护提供更加有效的方法。目前已有的一些解决措施似乎鞭长莫及。就本文而言,将主要探讨家长式作风对推进国际组织对和平进程的阻碍。因此,亟需评估家长式的国际行为者对非洲和平进程的挑战,并探究这些挑战是如何形成的。在引言中笔者介绍了本论文的主题,简述非洲建设和平的进程。用中非共和国后冲突时代作为案例分析。本文主要论点为:在构建和平的进程中,国家行为体的家长式作风正在演变为长期可持续和平的障碍。以中非共和国为例,在20世纪大部分时间乃至21世纪,中非依然难以保证和平。因此本次研究的目的是解决以下问题:首先,促使法国作为一个国家行为体在中非共和国冲突过后的和平构建中采取家长式作风的因素是什么?其次,家长式作风是如何阻碍建设持久和平的?文章的第一部分陈述了一些概念,特别是关于建设和平的概念以及它被概念化过程的,并回顾了建设和平与家长式作风相关概念的文献和实例,深入探究建设和平和家长式作风在不同语境下的定义,以及非洲在国际关系中因此所经历的一些阻碍。近年来的相关文献主要回顾了建设和平在过去几十年来中遇到的一系列困难,并提出了许多建设和平的蓝图。地区与世界和平建设的主要行动者提出了一个“自由和平建设”的框架,确立总体目标为避免暴力冲突的再次发生,通过刺激经济和创造安全环境来帮助发展中国家发展。基于此,“自由建设和平”战略揭示了非洲国家亟需一个持久和平状态。近期的文献中,主要认为,有效建设和平的概念取决于各个年代,其中当代自由建设和平与冲突转型的概念是由现实的实践与经验所塑造的。尽管自由建设和平似乎已成为非洲国家的灵丹妙药,就其未来的升级转型而言,自由建设和平仍然有待商榷。有关家长式作风人道主义干涉和援助的文献往往都侧重于国际权力体系结构分析,即干预者与援助接受者之间处于权力关系不对称的状态。同时,相对于援助接受国的落后,国际干预者拥有人类进步和发展所需要的最为先进的专业知识和技术,因此通常被误解为是自负傲慢的。干预者强加的外来观念,对当地知识和思想的忽略,被认为是阻碍实现积极和平策略的障碍。本文的概念框架立足于家长式作风。考虑到本文将家长式作风置于国际层面上以及人道主义事务层面,因此本文引用barnett对家长式作风的定义——“本着为他人着想的考量,一个行为体试图用他的意见来代替另一行为体的意见”。除此之外,笔者也提到了shriffin的观点,“与其说家长式作风是对于一个国家利益的干涉不如说是对其自主自决的干涉”,也就是将家长主义与尊重国家自治联系在一起。进一步说,我们不能简单地因为我们承认一些带有家长式作风的国际准则,就去侵犯一个独立国家的自治权。不过,尊重他国自治运动是有代价的,哪怕他国行为不是出于维护自治权,或者他国自治运动进程受到了本国居民的支持。本文第三章主要就法非关系以及达成的关于建设和平的倡议进行研究。实际上,建设和平的倡议已经被实施并逐渐暴露出其缺点与不足。即使在后殖民时代,法国仍对非洲保留着浓厚的兴趣,尤其是马里、加蓬、科特迪瓦和中非共和国这样的法语国家。法国与非洲曾经的殖民与被殖民关系一直延续到了后殖民时代,并为法国在非洲动乱冲突后的再介入提供了条件。这是牵扯到政治、社会、道德问题并一直以来困扰着国际社会的议题。在分析和叙述具体事件时,我会提及2013年中非过渡政府的情况,我也会有引用一些在此之前发生的事情来支撑我的观点。本文研究发现,法国的介入源于其在非洲作为前殖民者的历史,以及它所宣传的人道主义情怀。与此同时,这些因素在人道和仁慈的幌子下可能会阻碍和平进程。因此,在本文的后半段将进一步指出建设和平进程中的家长式作风是由国际结构与体系建构的。我们常说“若没有法国的干预,发生在中非共和国的暴力会发展到何种规模”,然而,正是这种“拯救受助者于水深火热”的叙述使家长式作风演变为典型令人信服的行为。此类叙事只是照搬一些家长主义者对自身合法性证明的结论,他们将自己强制干预他国国内事务视为应承担的义务,甚至到了夸张他们自身幸福指数的程度。2016年,以新民选中非总统福斯坦-阿尔尚热·图瓦德拉为首的新一届政府宣布在维护统一的基础上,建立国家机构,使国家脱离冲突,走向国家复兴与发展。虽然转折后的局势会出现怎样的变化仍有待观察。我们有必要探索一切解决上述问题的潜在障碍。其中一个重要障碍就是当前发生的事件以及现有的机制都普遍带有家长式的行为。国家主要机构还没有建立、政府权力也还未从之前的暴利垄断中恢复正常,裁军裁军、复员与再安置(DDR)项目遥遥无期。建设和平的社会凝聚力不是由一个个社区所决定的,军队才是至关重要的因素,因此必须赋予像军队这样重要机构以合法权力。虽然拥有世界上最先进的部队之一的法国驻守班吉(中非共和国首都,但是中非共和国在维护安全上多年来一直收效甚微。正是这种虚伪的安全感使中非共和国逐渐牺牲了国家自身的发展的自主权。本文还将提出一些建设性建议:在涵盖着众多国际或地区行为体的国际社会中,我们需要在冲突后国家的建设和平项目上构造一个结构性平衡。这种结构平衡包括平等的伙伴关系,准确的说是在国际机构与地区机构之间建立平等的合作关系,以此创造更具包容性的,灵动的和平进程,并达到有效的建设和平以及最终长期的积极和平。最后,本文将指出一个建设和平进程的混合模式是有可能的。国际社会作为外部参与者拥有的丰富的资源;同时,非洲区域作为内部要素,已经形成长期动荡后渴求消除冲突的共鸣,因此,所有参与者在解决冲突建设和平问题上都将发挥难以替代的作用。
[Abstract]:Peace and security in Africa have been an important issue in the international community. However, the in-depth study of the situation in Africa after the conflict has developed slowly. The international community still needs to provide more effective methods for the construction and maintenance of its peace and stability. There is an urgent need to assess the challenges of paternalistic international actors to the peace process in Africa and to explore how these challenges are formed. In the introduction, the author introduces the theme of this paper, outlines the progress of peace building in Africa, and uses the post conflict era of the Central African Republic as a case. The main point of this article is that in the process of building peace, the patriarchal style of national actors is becoming a barrier to long-term sustainable peace. In the Central African Republic, for example, in most of the twentieth Century and twenty-first Century, it is still difficult to guarantee peace. The purpose of this study is to solve the following problems: first, to promote the law What is the patriarchal style of a state acting as a state actor in the peace building after the conflict in the Central African Republic? Secondly, how is the paternalistic style impeding the building of a lasting peace? The first part of the article states some concepts, especially the concept of peace building and its conceptualization, and reviewed. The literature and examples of the concept of building peace and paternalism style, deep exploring the definition of peace building and paternalism in different contexts, and some obstacles that Africa has experienced in international relations. On the basis of the strategy of "free peace building", the main actors of regional and world peace building have put forward a "free peace building" framework to establish the overall goal to avoid the recurrence of violent conflicts and to help developing countries by stimulating the economy and creating a security environment. There is an urgent need for a state of lasting peace in African countries. In the recent literature, the concept of effective peace building depends on the years, in which the concept of contemporary freedom of building peace and conflict transformation is shaped by practical practice and experience. Although free peace building seems to have become a panacea for African countries, it is a good idea for African countries. In terms of future upgrades, free peace building is still open to discussion. The literature on paternalistic humanitarian intervention and assistance tends to focus on the analysis of international power system structure, that is, the state of dissymmetry between the intervener and the aid recipient in the power relationship. At the same time, the international intervention is relative to the backwardness of the recipient countries. The most advanced professional knowledge and technology needed for the progress and development of human beings are often misunderstood as arrogant. The external ideas imposed by the interventionist and the neglect of local knowledge and ideas are considered as obstacles to the realization of a positive peace strategy. The conceptual framework of this article is based on the paternalistic style. In this article, paternalism is placed at the international level and on the humanitarian level, so this article quotes Barnett's definition of paternalism - "in accordance with the consideration of others, an actor tries to use his opinion instead of another." in addition, the author also refers to the view of shriffin. Paternalism is less interference in the interests of a country than an interference in self-determination, "that is, to associate paternalism with respect for national autonomy. Further, we cannot simply infringe on the autonomy of an independent state because we recognize some of the international norms with paternalism. The third chapter of this article is mainly about the relationship between France, Africa and the peace building initiative. In fact, the peace building initiative has been implemented and is gradually violent. Even in the post colonial era, France retained a strong interest in Africa, especially the French countries such as Mali, Gabon, Cote d'Ivoire and the Central African Republic. France and Africa had been colonized and colonized by France to the post colonialism, and were re involved in the conflict between France and Africa. It provides the conditions. This is a political, social, moral problem and has been a problem that has plagued the international community. In analyzing and describing specific events, I will refer to the situation of the Central African transitional government in 2013, and I will also refer to some of the events that have occurred earlier to support my view. The history of its former colonialists in Africa and the humanitarian feelings it publicized. At the same time, these factors may hinder the peace process under the guise of humanity and benevolence. Therefore, in the second half of this article, it will be further pointed out that the patriarchal style of the peace building process is constructed by the international structure and system. We often say that "Without the intervention of France, what scale of violence will occur in the Central African Republic", however, it is this kind of "save the victims in a hot" narrative that makes paternalism a typical and convincing act. In.2016, the new government, headed by the non president, foran alaja fever and twadaja, announced the establishment of a national institution on the basis of the maintenance of unity to make the state out of conflict and to the national revival. It is necessary to explore all the potential obstacles to the above problems. One of the major obstacles is that the current events and the existing mechanisms are generally paternalistic. The state's main machinery has not yet been established, and the power of the government has not yet been taken from it. The former profit monopoly is restored to normal, disarmament disarmament, demobilization and resettlement (DDR) projects are far away. The social cohesion of peace building is not determined by the community, the army is a crucial factor, so it must be given to the important institutions such as the army to join the law, although it has one of the most advanced forces in the world. France is stationed in Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic, but the Central African Republic has been very effective in maintaining security for many years. It is the hypocrisy of this sense of security that has made the Central African Republic gradually sacrifice the autonomy of its own development. This article will also propose some constructive suggestions: the international community, which covers a large number of international or regional actors. In the meeting, we need to build a structural balance in the post conflict countries' peace building projects, which include equal partnerships and, precisely, to create an equal partnership between international and regional institutions in order to create a more inclusive and flexible peace process and to achieve effective peace building. And ultimately, a long-term positive peace. Finally, this article will point out that a mixed model of a peace building process is possible. The international community has rich resources as an external participant; at the same time, the African region, as an internal element, has formed a longing for the resonance of the elimination of conflicts after a long period of turbulence. Therefore, all participants are in conflict with the conflict. The issue of peacebuilding will play an irreplaceable role.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D746.2;D856.5

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