蒲安臣与美国对华“合作政策”

发布时间：2018-06-20 23:38

本文选题：蒲安臣 + 合作　；参考：《浙江师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：“合作政策”是19世纪60年代美国的对华政策,内战之后的休养生息终于使他能够有余力去应付觊觎已久的并尚未被各欧洲列强瓜分完毕的中国市场,清廷在同内忧外患的对抗之中也不断倾向于与外结合。美国抓住这个时机,提出各西方列强与清廷联合共同实行“合作政策”。美国南北战争结束后终于解决了阻碍其资本主义发展的障碍,综合实力上升使其终于可以拓展海外业务将目标对准东方亚洲尤其是中国,但要跟早已在中国影响甚深的英法等老牌资本主义大国硬拼还实力有限,为了摆脱追随英法等国而发展出适合自己的独立的外交政策,为了削弱列强在华影响而为自身在华利益作长远打算,美国制定了“合作政策”。而清政府自1840年鸦片战争以来清政府深知不是坚船利炮的对手,只有不断与西方列强妥协、履约,到了太平天国时期,腐朽破落的封建王朝已经岌岌可危,在叛乱面前孱弱不振,慈禧奕诉集团为了权力发动“辛酉政变”,企图“借师助剿”利用外国势力结合起来镇压国内农民起义,以巩固自己王朝的统治。而对欧美列强来说,大清帝国的统治稳定才更有利于他们掌握对中国的控制以及谋取在华的利益。遂美国提出的“合作政策”正中列强、清政府下怀,中外各势力遂联合起来彼此协商谈判合作,共同维护清廷政局以及列强各自在华利益。美国19世纪60年代的驻华公使蒲安臣(Anson Burlingame)在“合作政策”的提出开展与推行的过程中起了重大的作用。是他带着当时美国国务卿西华德(Williams H.Seward)要求他与列强合作的指示来到中国,并在抵达中国后展开了一系列与清廷官员以及各西方列强外交的活动,经过接触和了解,对中国有了全新的认识后,将西华德“合作”的理念发展成切实的政策,并融入了自己新的想法,最后在与西方列强等互相关照之后确定了“合作政策”的原则与范围,在保证各国在华的既得利益以及商业机会均等的基础上支持清政府,不干涉中国的领土主权;合作是外国列强彼此之间的合作,也是西方列强与清政府之间的合作。蒲安臣在“合作政策”得到美国政府的支持后便开始展开他对该项政策的实施过程,他在阿思本(Osborn)舰队事件,白齐文(Burgevine)事件以及上海宁波的领土问题的处理中,充当了清廷与列强之间的调解人,在双方之间周转斡旋,缓解了矛盾与冲突,使维护了清政府,也使列强不受损失,并使清廷对美国方面增加好感与信任,以致在蒲安臣任期截止将要回国之际受到清政府邀请,率领中国使团出使西方国家的不情之请,以展示清统治者友好合作之意,蒲安臣为了“合作政策”能够继续发挥其效用,为了美国的长久利益,毅然接受使命,率中国使团出访了欧美十多国,在美国签订的《蒲安臣条约》继续呼吁“合作政策”的效应,他所到访的欧洲各国都表示赞成或支持“合作”,不仅顾及了中国的利益使清政府感到了满意,削弱列强在华影响,更为美国的在华利益拓宽了门路。 “合作政策”是美国在19世纪承前启后的过渡政策,继承了传统外交政策的和平原则,又开启了新的“合作”阶段,开始走上独立的外交道路,它的“不干涉和破坏中国领土与内政”为美国19世纪末期“门户开放”政策“门户开放,机会均等”打下了基础。资本的扩张性使美国既要增加自身的在华利益,又顾忌到实力强大的竞争对手欧洲列强,因此选择既与清政府的合作又与西方列强合作的方法来既抵制欧洲国家的各种进一步要求,又维护与增添自身在华的各种权益,实则削弱欧洲列强的对华影响,使中国对美国的好感倍升,令清朝统治者更加信任美国。这一政策就是在有权限地顾及清政府利益的同时,使美国在西方各国与清政府之间有回旋余地,搞外交均势,保证中国对西方尤其是对美国的开放,使美国在华的既得利益得以维持,又通过双向“合作”来攫取新的在华利益和特权。因此“合作政策”的本质就是列强间达成一致,“合作”管理中国,从中谋取更多利益。所以虽然“合作政策”缓和了列强间的矛盾,照顾了清政府的利益,并使中国走上近代外交之路,但使美国获得更多在华特权,实际上加深了欧美列强对清政府的控制,因此不能否认该政策所具有的侵略性质。
[Abstract]:The "cooperation policy" was the American policy towards China in 1860s. After the civil war, the rest of the civil war finally made him able to cope with the long coveted Chinese market which had not been divided by the European powers. The Qing government, in the confrontation with internal and external problems, was constantly inclined to combine with the outside world. Fang Li Qiang and the Qing court jointly implemented the "cooperative policy".
After the end of the American Civil War, the obstacles that hindered the development of capitalism were finally solved. In the end, the comprehensive strength has made it possible to expand its overseas business and aim at East Asia, especially China, but it is limited to the old capitalist countries, such as Britain and France, which have already been deeply influenced by China, in order to get rid of the pursuit of British and French. In order to weaken the influence of the powers in China and make a long-term plan for its own interests in China, the United States has formulated a "cooperative policy". The Qing government, since the Opium War of 1840, has known that it is not the rival of the artillery, only to compromise with the Western powers and to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. During the period, the decadent and decadent feudal dynasty was in danger and was weak in the face of the rebellion. Ci Xi Yiwu group launched the "Xin unitary coup" for power. It attempted to combine foreign forces with foreign forces to suppress the domestic peasant uprising in order to consolidate his dynasty's rule. For the European and American powers, the ruling of the Great Qing Empire was stable. It is more conducive to their control of the China and seek interests in China. Then the United States proposed the policy of cooperation "middle powers, the Qing government's foreign forces then combined with each other to negotiate cooperation, and jointly safeguard the political situation in the Qing Dynasty and the powers of their interests in China.
Pu Anchen (Anson Burlingame), the American ambassador to China in 1860s, played a major role in the process of carrying out and carrying out the "cooperation policy". He came to China with the instructions of the United States Secretary of state Seward (Williams H.Seward), which asked him to cooperate with the powers, and began a series of Qing courts after arriving in China. After contact and understanding of the diplomatic activities of the Western powers and the Western powers, after a new understanding of China, the concept of Seward's "cooperation" was developed into a practical policy, and its new ideas were incorporated. Finally, the principles and scope of "cooperation policy" were determined after mutual consideration with the Western powers. China's basic equal vested interest and business opportunities on the support of the Qing government, not to interfere China territorial sovereignty; cooperation between foreign powers of mutual cooperation, but also between the Western powers and the Qing government cooperation.
Pu Anchen began his process of implementation of the policy after the "cooperation policy" received the support of the US government. He acted as the mediator between the Qing government and the powers in the handling of the Osborn fleet event, the Bai Qiwen (Burgevine) event and the territorial issues in Ningbo, Shanghai. The contradiction and conflict made the Qing government safeguard the Qing government, also made the powers not suffer the loss, and made the Qing government more good and trust in the United States, so that the Qing government was invited by the Qing government to lead the Chinese mission to the western countries on the occasion of his term of office, in order to show the friendship and cooperation of the rulers, and Pu Anchen for "cooperation". The policy "can continue to play its role and accept its mission for the long-term interests of the United States. The Chinese mission made a visit to the more than 10 countries of the United States and Europe, and continued to appeal for the" cooperation policy "in the pun Chen treaty, signed by the United States. All the European countries he visited expressed their approval or support for" cooperation ", taking into account not only the interests of China, but also the interests of China. The government felt satisfied, weakened the influence of the great powers in China, and widened the way for the interests of the United States in China.
The "cooperation policy" was the transition policy of the United States in nineteenth Century. It inherited the peace principle of traditional foreign policy and opened a new stage of "cooperation". It began to embark on an independent diplomatic path. Its "non interference and destruction of China's territory and internal affairs" was open to the "open door" policy of the late nineteenth Century. The expansion of capital makes the United States not only to increase its own interests in China but also to the strong rival European powers, so we choose to cooperate with the Western powers and cooperate with the Western powers to resist the various requirements of the European countries, and to maintain and increase the variety of their own in China. Rights, in fact, weaken the influence of the European powers on China, make China's good sense of the United States, and make the Qing rulers more confident in the United States. This policy is to make the United States in the western countries and the Qing government a leeway, to make a diplomatic balance between the western countries and the Qing government, and to ensure that China is especially to the United States to the west, and especially to the United States. As a result, the essence of the "cooperation policy" is to reach agreement between the powers, and to "cooperate" to manage China and gain more interests. So although the "cooperation policy" has eased the contradiction between the strong and the strong, it takes care of the Qing government. The government's interests, and make Chinese on modern diplomatic Road, but the United States get more privileges in China, deepening the Western powers for control of the Qing government, therefore cannot deny the nature of the policy of aggression.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D871.2

【共引文献】