印度对华政策中的美国因素研究（1949-1965）

发布时间：2018-07-21 12:12

【摘要】：本文主要对1949—1965年间印度对华政策中的美国因素进行历史考察,对其产生的效果进行评估,并从中得出某些有益的经验或启示。成为“有声有色”的世界大国和确立在南亚次大陆的领导地位,是印度独立后对外战略的总目标。为了实现其战略目标,印度推行不依附于任何大国集团的不结盟政策,并试图组建美苏之外以印度为首的第三势力。而在两极世界格局下,美国的战略目标是在全球“遏制共产主义的扩张”。美国从其冷战的全球战略目标出发,曾经试图影响印度的对华政策,但是战略目标的差异和基本政策的不同使印美两国在对华政策上分歧严重,美国影响印度对华政策的效果相对有限。新中国成立初期,美国在承认新中国问题、中国在联合国代表权问题、朝鲜战争问题上都积极对印度施加影响,试图促使印度与美国为首的“自由世界”站在同一阵线,但是收效甚微。印度不仅拒绝追随美国,而且及时承认了新中国,并与新中国正式建交;印度还积极推动恢复新中国在联合国的合法席位;朝鲜战争爆发后,印度反对美国将朝鲜战争与台湾问题、印度支那问题联系起来;中国参战后,印度积极进行调停,尊重中国的意见,并在战俘遣返问题上一定程度支持中国的立场。印度的对华友好一方面加强了新中国对印度的好感,促进了中印友好关系的发展;另一方面又引起美国对印度的不满,制约了美印关系的发展,并一定程度推进了美国与巴基斯坦的结盟。西藏问题在新中国成立后成为美国对华遏制的重要棋子。美国积极插手西藏问题,并极力争取印度与美国合作。尽管印度不希望中国加强对西藏的控制,并曾经试图阻止西藏的和平解放。但是,印度与美国在西藏问题上的利益并不一致。印度不仅担心美国的插手将使中印的双边分歧上升到冷战的层面,从而损害印度的利益和安全,而且美国从“遏制共产主义”出发介入西藏问题也有悖于印度的不结盟政策。因此,印度反对美国插手西藏问题,并拒绝与美国合作。1954年,美国不顾印度的强烈反对与巴基斯坦结成军事同盟,客观上使巴基斯坦在南亚的地位得到加强,极大地抑制了印度的战略空间。为抗衡巴美结盟,印度决定与中国谈判解决西藏问题。通过与中国签订关于西藏问题的协定,印度放弃了英国在西藏遗留的殖民特权,并事实上承认了中国对西藏的主权。印度的对华友好政策由此推进到一个新的阶段。随着美国更深入地插手西藏问题,获得美国支持和援助的西藏分裂势力于1959年3月公然发动了全面的武装叛乱。中国政府迅速平定叛乱,并加强了对西藏地方政府的控制。印度试图使西藏长期享有“高度自治权”、在印中之间充当“战略缓冲区”的幻想彻底破灭,印度认为其国家安全受到前所未有的挑战。西藏叛乱之后,印度对西藏的政策发生重大转变。在美国的影响和推动下,印度收留了以达赖为首的西藏分裂势力,并准许其在印度从事分裂中国活动。1962年中印边界战争之后,印度更是与美国积极合作,共同军事援助西藏分裂势力。同时,印度在联合国的立场也发生重大变化,由原来反对(至少是中立)联合国干涉西藏问题,转变为积极推动联合国通过干涉西藏问题的相关决议。1959年西藏叛乱之前,由于中印在边界问题上的分歧和矛盾还不突出,美国并未有意识地试图影响印度的对华边界政策。但是,美国亚洲政策推行所造成的印巴对抗、中美敌对、美巴结盟、美印关系恶化的客观战略格局,一定程度促使印度以对华友好寻求中国承认(至少是默认)印度的边界主张,以借助中国抗衡巴美结盟。1959年西藏叛乱后,随着中印在边界问题上矛盾的日益突出和激化,美国大规模增加了对印度的经济援助,并开始向印度提供军事援助。美国力图借机加剧印度与中国的对抗,并推动印度与巴基斯坦建立针对中国的“联合防御体系”,最终将印度拉入西方阵营。美国的积极支持一定程度推动了印度“前进政策”的实施,最终导致1962年中印边界战争的爆发。中印边界战争爆发后,美国对印度政治上的支持、大量的经济和军事援助,助长了印度与中国的对抗和对华政策的强硬。但是,美国试图将印度拉入西方阵营的政策目标未能达成。总体而言,1949—1965年间,美国因素一定程度影响了印度的对华政策。但是,这种影响相对有限。印度和美国在战略目标上存在的巨大分歧、美国南亚政策所面临的困境、印度国内政治经济的现实,以及中国采取的外交行动等制约了美国因素对印度对华政策的影响力。正是由于这些因素的制约,美国政策的推行通常未能完全达到预期的目标,有时甚至向美国期望的相反方向发展。通过对这一时期美国因素在印度对华政策中影响的研究,说明印度的对外政策和印中关系有其自身的发展逻辑,美国即使在其霸权的高峰时期,其对世界事务的影响力仍然受制于各种因素,有其限度。有关国家如何排除干扰,妥善处理彼此的关系是决定性的因素。
[Abstract]:This paper makes a historical survey of the American factors in India's China policy from 1949 to 1965, evaluates its effect, and draws some useful experience or enlightenment from it. It is the world power of "sound and colored" and the leading position in the subcontinent of South Asia. It is the general goal of India's foreign strategy after independence. To achieve its strategic goal, India has pursued a non aligned policy which is not dependent on any big power group, and tries to form the third forces headed by India outside the United States and the Soviet Union. In the two polar world, the strategic goal of the United States is to "curb the expansion of communism" in the world. India's policy towards China has been ringing, but the differences in strategic objectives and the differences in basic policies make India and the United States disagree on China's policy on China seriously. The effect of the United States on India's policy towards China is relatively limited. In the early days of the founding of new China, the United States recognized the issue of new China, China was active on the issue of United Nations representation and the Korean War. It tried to influence the "free world" led by India and the United States on the same front, but had little effect. India not only refused to follow the United States, but also recognized the new China in time, and established diplomatic relations with the new China; India also actively promoted the restoration of new China's legal seat in the United Nations; after the outbreak of the Korean War, India opposed the United States. China links the Korean war with the Taiwan and Indochina issues; after China's war, India actively mediates, respects China's views, and supports China's position to a certain extent on the issue of the repatriation of prisoners of war. On the one hand, India's friendship with China strengthens the good sense of new China to India and promotes the development of Sino Indian friendly relations; the other is the other, and the other is the development of the friendship between China and India. It also caused the dissatisfaction of the United States to India, restricted the development of the relationship between the United States and India and promoted the alliance between the United States and Pakistan to a certain extent. The Tibet issue has become an important chessman of the United States to contain China after the founding of new China. The United States has actively engaged in the Tibet issue and strives for India to cooperate with the United States. Although India does not want China to add to it Strong control of Tibet and attempted to prevent the peaceful liberation of Tibet. But India and the United States are not in the same interests as Tibet. India is not only worried that the United States' involvement will raise the bilateral differences between China and India to the cold war level, thus damaging the interests and security of India, and the United States is starting from "cominterism". The entry into Tibet is also contrary to the non alignment policy of India. Therefore, India is opposed to the United States to intervene in the Tibet problem and refuses to cooperate with the United States in.1954. The United States, regardless of India's strong opposition to the military alliance with Pakistan, objectively makes Pakistan's position in South Asia stronger and greatly inhibits the strategic space of India. India decided to negotiate a solution to the Tibet problem with China. By signing an agreement with China on the Tibet issue with China, India gave up the British colonial privileges left in Tibet and in fact recognized China's sovereignty over Tibet. The India's friendly policy towards China was pushed forward to a new stage. In March 1959, the Tibet separatist forces of the United States supported and assisted by the Tibet separatists launched a comprehensive armed rebellion in March 1959. The Chinese government quickly pacified the rebellion and strengthened the control of the local government of Tibet. India tried to make Tibet a "high autonomy" for a long time, and the illusion of "strategic buffer" between India and China. At the end of the disillusionment, India believes that its national security is facing unprecedented challenges. After the Tibet insurgency, India's policy on Tibet has changed greatly. Under the influence and promotion of the United States, India has retained the separatist forces of Tibet, led by Darai, and allowed the India to engage in the Sino Indian border war in the separatist state activities in India in India, and India more. It is the active cooperation with the United States and the common military assistance to the separatist forces in Tibet. Meanwhile, India's position in the United Nations has also undergone major changes. It has changed from the original objection (at least to neutrality) to the United Nations interference in the Tibet issue, and changed to the relevant resolution of the United Nations to interfere in the Tibet issue in the Tibet insurgency in.1959, because China and India were asked on the border. The differences and contradictions in the question are not outstanding, and the United States does not consciously attempt to influence India's policy towards China's border with China. However, the objective strategic pattern of the India Pakistan confrontation, the hostility of the United States and the United States, the alliance of the United States and the Pakistani and the deterioration of the US India relations, to a certain extent, has prompted India to seek China's recognition (at least by default) with the friendship between China and China. India's border claims that, with the aid of China's counterbalance of the Tibet rebellion in the.1959 alliance, the United States increased its economic assistance to India on a large scale, and began to provide military assistance to India. The United States was trying to play an opportunity to combat the confrontation between India and China, and to promote India and Ba Chi. Stan established a "joint defense system" against China and eventually brought India into the Western camp. The positive support of the United States promoted the implementation of India's "forward policy" to a certain extent, and eventually led to the outbreak of the Sino Indian border war in 1962. After the outbreak of the Sino Indian border war, the American political support for India was a great deal of economic and military aid. It helped to boost the confrontation between India and China and the hardship of China's policy towards China. However, the policy goals of the American attempt to pull India into the Western camp have not been reached. In general, the American factors influenced India's policy to China to a certain extent between 1949 and 1965. However, this effect was limited. The strategic objectives of India and the United States were huge. The big differences, the difficulties faced by the American policy of South Asia, the reality of the domestic political economy in India, and the diplomatic action taken by China restrict the influence of the American factors on the policy of India to China. It is precisely because of these factors that the implementation of the American policy is usually not fully achieved the expected goal, and sometimes even to the United States. Development of the opposite direction. Through the study of the influence of American factors on India's policy towards China in this period, it shows that the foreign policy of India and the relationship between India and China have their own development logic. Even in the peak period of their hegemony, the influence of the United States on world affairs is still subject to various factors and its limits. How to exclude the countries concerned. Interference and proper handling of each other's relationship are decisive factors.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D829.351;D871.2

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