试析战后三次美国对华“总统特使外交”
发布时间：2018-10-09 21:16
【摘要】： 不论是存在于古希腊的“客卿谈判”,还是盛行于古代中国的“聘问之制”,特使外交,这一既姑且新的外交方式有着其他外交方式所不具有的独特作用和地位。自威斯特法利亚体系开启近代国际关系史以来,美国对于特使外交的运用是非常熟练的。从华盛顿开始的每届总统,都以各种情势和理由向外排出特使。这是美国独特的政治体制以及实践中所形成的惯例所决定的。 具体到中美关系史来说,自战后以来的几次对华总统特使外交不仅对于中美两国,而且对于两国关系的发展都起到了非常重要的作用。由马歇尔领衔的对华总统特使外交不仅使得中美两国对彼此的看法出现重大的变化,更是影响了几十年的中美关系。1971年基辛格博士的对华总统特使外交使得经过了几十年对抗的中美两国有机会坐下来就共同关心的问题进行讨论,更使得两国的关系开始走向正常化。作为在国际形势发生急剧变化的情况下所展开的1989年斯考克罗夫特将军的对华总统外交不仅使得处在崩溃边缘的中美关系得以有所转圜,更为20世纪90年代中美关系的发展打下基础。 总结这三次对华总统外交,我们可以得出如下结论。第一,特使外交的执行者都是在当时的美国外交政策决策圈里面有着相当地位和拥有决策权的人。第二,这三次对华总统外交对于处在关键时刻的中美关系起到了非常重要的作用。第三,这三次对华总统特使外交既有成功的,也有不成功的。成功的根本原因在于美国正确的估量了国际形势和双边情况,采用了一种理性务实的态度。
[Abstract]:Whether it is the "guest negotiation" in ancient Greece or the "appointment and inquiry system" prevailing in ancient China, the diplomacy of special envoys has a unique role and status which other diplomatic methods do not have. Since the Westphalia system opened the history of modern international relations, the United States has been very skilled in the use of envoy diplomacy. Every president since Washington has ousted envoys for a variety of circumstances and reasons. This is determined by the unique political system and practice of the United States. As far as the history of Sino-US relations is concerned, several special envoys to China since the war have played a very important role not only in the development of Sino-US relations, but also in the development of relations between the two countries. The diplomacy of Marshall's special envoy to China not only brought about a major change in the views of China and the United States on each other, It has also affected Sino-US relations for decades. In 1971, Dr. Kissinger's special envoy diplomacy to China gave China and the United States the opportunity to sit down and discuss issues of common concern after decades of confrontation. Even more, relations between the two countries began to normalize. General Scowcroft's 1989 presidential diplomacy with China, which began amid dramatic changes in the international situation, not only brought about a turnaround in Sino-US relations on the verge of collapse. Moreover, the development of Sino-American relations in the 1990 s laid the foundation. Summing up these three Chinese presidential diplomacy, we can draw the following conclusions. First, special envoy diplomacy was carried out by people who had a considerable position and decision-making power in the American foreign policy decision-making circle at that time. Second, these three diplomatic visits to China have played a very important role in the critical moment of Sino-American relations. Third, these three diplomatic missions to China have been both successful and unsuccessful. The root cause of success lies in the fact that the United States has correctly measured the international and bilateral situation and adopted a rational and pragmatic attitude.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D829.712
[Abstract]:Whether it is the "guest negotiation" in ancient Greece or the "appointment and inquiry system" prevailing in ancient China, the diplomacy of special envoys has a unique role and status which other diplomatic methods do not have. Since the Westphalia system opened the history of modern international relations, the United States has been very skilled in the use of envoy diplomacy. Every president since Washington has ousted envoys for a variety of circumstances and reasons. This is determined by the unique political system and practice of the United States. As far as the history of Sino-US relations is concerned, several special envoys to China since the war have played a very important role not only in the development of Sino-US relations, but also in the development of relations between the two countries. The diplomacy of Marshall's special envoy to China not only brought about a major change in the views of China and the United States on each other, It has also affected Sino-US relations for decades. In 1971, Dr. Kissinger's special envoy diplomacy to China gave China and the United States the opportunity to sit down and discuss issues of common concern after decades of confrontation. Even more, relations between the two countries began to normalize. General Scowcroft's 1989 presidential diplomacy with China, which began amid dramatic changes in the international situation, not only brought about a turnaround in Sino-US relations on the verge of collapse. Moreover, the development of Sino-American relations in the 1990 s laid the foundation. Summing up these three Chinese presidential diplomacy, we can draw the following conclusions. First, special envoy diplomacy was carried out by people who had a considerable position and decision-making power in the American foreign policy decision-making circle at that time. Second, these three diplomatic visits to China have played a very important role in the critical moment of Sino-American relations. Third, these three diplomatic missions to China have been both successful and unsuccessful. The root cause of success lies in the fact that the United States has correctly measured the international and bilateral situation and adopted a rational and pragmatic attitude.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D829.712
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