中日两国在中东石油问题上的冲突分析

发布时间：2019-01-04 23:28

【摘要】：能源安全中最重要的是石油安全。能源安全尤其是石油能源安全,事关国家安全。合理的能源价格和充足的能源供给同样石油是石油能源安全的两个因素。能源国际政治系统是现代国际体系的一个子系统。能源国际政治系统处于无政府状态,不存在一个中央权威来管理和分配稀缺且具有战略性意义的能源,尤其是石油资源。各石油消费国从自身利益出发,制定中东石油战略,“自助”维护自身石油能源安全。作为能源消费大国的中国和日本,石油的对外依赖都很严重,石油能源战略是两国国家安全战略的重中之重。在相似的能源安全困境下,两国自助制定各自的石油能源战略。同时,国际能源政治系统是无政府状态的,加之石油资源有限。中日两国为维护自身能源安全,在石油问题上必然存在冲突。当中国为保障石油安全而采取自助行动后,日本则视其能源安全即会相应降低。这就促使日本采取相应“自助”措施,结果是大家都感到更不安全。于是,不断地“自助”产生不断地竞争。目前,两国石油能源安全战略冲突不断,尤以两国在中东石油领域内的冲突最为激烈。由于石油进口主要集中在中东地区,两国在争夺中东石油进口权和在谋求中东产油国的开采权上的发生了激烈冲突。首先,中日石油资源来源渠道具有惊人的趋同性,石油对外依存度极高,且主要是中东地区。中国主张国家之间通过合作实现共赢,与日本进行能源合作符合中国的国家发展战略。而日方认为,中国长期大宗买进石油将打破中东原有的石油输出格局,挤占其传统的石油供给。同时,基于结构现实主义“相对收益”理论,日本认为,日中能源合作将增进中国的能源安全,是中国在经济和军事等方面获得相对收益。这种相对利益会损害日方的国家利益。所以,在中东石油进口权上,日本选择竞争而非合作。但是,能源国际政治系统的主要行为体之间存在高度相互依存的关系。在能源国际政治系统中,“一个主要特征就是相互依存”。这是由全球能源市场,特别是石油市场的高度一体化决定的。在当今世界,包括国家行为体在内的各种政治实体之间的相互依存性已经大大增加,完全意义上的独立和自助几乎是不可能的,国家之间的相互合作已经成为发展的必然趋势。无论日本是否承认或接受,中日之间进行能源合作的客观必要性和基础已经存在。两国应秉承务实,以点带面,逐步加强信任合作。中日联合议价就是一个很好的合作切入点。
[Abstract]:The most important thing in energy security is oil security. Energy security, especially oil energy security, is related to national security. Reasonable energy price and adequate energy supply are two factors of petroleum energy security. Energy international political system is a subsystem of modern international system. The international political system of energy is anarchy, and there is no central authority to manage and distribute the scarce and strategic energy, especially the petroleum resources. The oil consuming countries formulate the Middle East petroleum strategy in their own interests, and maintain their own oil energy security. China and Japan, as the big energy consuming countries, depend heavily on the oil, and the petroleum energy strategy is the most important part of the national security strategy of the two countries. In a similar energy security dilemma, the two countries self-developed their own oil energy strategy. At the same time, the international energy political system is anarchic, coupled with limited oil resources. In order to maintain their own energy security, China and Japan are bound to conflict on the oil issue. When China takes self-help measures to safeguard its oil security, Japan sees its energy security as diminished. This prompted Japan to take appropriate self-help measures, with the result that everyone felt less safe. As a result, constantly "self-help" produces constant competition. At present, the conflict between the two countries' oil and energy security strategy is constant, especially in the Middle East oil field. As oil imports are mainly concentrated in the Middle East, there is a fierce conflict between the two countries in fighting for the right to import oil in the Middle East and in seeking the exploitation rights of the oil producing countries in the Middle East. First of all, there is a remarkable convergence between China and Japan in the source channels of petroleum resources, and the oil dependence on foreign countries is very high, mainly in the Middle East. China advocates win-win cooperation between countries and energy cooperation with Japan is in line with China's national development strategy. Japan, meanwhile, believes that China's long-term buying of oil will break the old Middle East oil export pattern and squeeze out its traditional oil supply. At the same time, based on the theory of "relative benefits" of structural realism, Japan believes that Japan-China energy cooperation will enhance China's energy security, and that China will gain relative benefits in economic and military aspects. This relative interest will harm the national interests of the Japanese side. Therefore, in the Middle East oil import rights, Japan chose to compete rather than cooperate. However, there is a high degree of interdependence among the main actors in the energy international political system. In the international political system of energy, "one of the main features is interdependence". This is determined by the high degree of integration of the global energy market, especially the oil market. In today's world, the interdependence of various political entities, including State actors, has greatly increased, independence and self-help in a complete sense are almost impossible, and mutual cooperation between States has become an inevitable trend of development. Whether or not Japan recognizes or accepts it, the objective necessity and foundation of energy cooperation between China and Japan already exist. The two countries should uphold pragmatism and step by step strengthen trust and cooperation. Joint bargaining between China and Japan is a good entry point for cooperation.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D815.4;F416.22

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