奥巴马政府的“碳关税”对中国内外政策的挑战

发布时间：2019-06-02 19:34

【摘要】：从《京都议定书》生效之路的波折到碳关税的提出,美国的政策转变并不是心血来潮的产物。从“碳关税”制度创设的出发点来讲,美国实际上是被征收的对象,美国意识到了碳关税发展的方向和其中的国家利益,开始积极地推动碳关税的实施,并在2009年6月国会通过了《清洁能源安全法案》,设定2020年为开始征收的限定期,显示了美国抢占碳关税先机的意图。碳关税的征收并非像美国所言的是为了缓解全球气候变暖,敦促各国按照《京都议定书》的框架履行各自的义务,从而达到公平贸易的目的。碳关税征收的背后隐藏着复杂的战略利益分配,对碳关税的研究不能仅仅局限于经济学的分析视角,而应该扩展到国际政治学和外交学的视角下进行深入剖析。本文通过对奥巴马政府碳关税产生的背景、原因进行分析,着重研究碳关税对我国国民经济以及环境外交所产生的一系列的影响,从理论上厘清美国碳关税征收的方式方法,从实践上探寻中国应对碳关税的对策措施,这对进一步发展我国的国民经济,维护国家利益具有非常重要的意义。本文共分五章。第一章为绪论,首先介绍了本文的选题意义以及关于碳关税的研究综述,主要从碳关税的定义、对中国的影响以及中国的应对策略三个方面对国内外最新的研究动态做一个归纳、总结。进而阐述本文的写作思路以及研究方法。第二章主要研究碳关税在美国的产生历程,主要从国际背景和国内背景两个方面入手,通过对碳关税征收条约的解读,结合专家学者的观点,对碳关税的概念进行了界定,本文认为,碳关税的实质是一种边境调节措施。第三章在研究了碳关税在美国产生的国际国内背景的基础上,运用现实主义、古典经济学理论和新贸易保护主义三大理论从政治、经济、环境三个方面深入分析奥巴马征收碳关税的意图并从贸易保护、增加财政税收以及收复环境外交话语权三个现实角度论证美国征收碳关税的必然性。第四章研究了碳关税对我国的影响,分为两个部分,一是对国民经济的影响；二是对环境外交的影响。对国民经济的影响主要体现在产业结构、进出口贸易和能源密集型产业三个方面,本文引用了大量的数据、图表力图将碳关税对这三个方面的影响客观地描述出来。对环境外交的影响最要体现在“碳排放”指标制定权、“碳交易”定价权和“碳关税”贸易主导权三个方面,本文通过案例分析与实证分析相结合的方法,对美国的碳关税对中国环境外交产生的影响做一个定性、定量的研究。第五章从国际国内两个层面为我国应对碳关税提出可供选择的意见和建议。在转变观念,走低碳化道路的前提下,国内通过制度创新、能源结构调整、优化产业结构和技术创新四个方面大力发展低碳经济。国外努力寻求国际支持、加强国际合作,争取实现中美环境共治。
[Abstract]:From the twists and turns of the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol to the proposal of carbon tariffs, the policy shift in the United States is not a product of whim. From the starting point of the creation of the "carbon tariff" system, the United States is actually the object of collection. The United States is aware of the direction of the development of the carbon tariff and the national interests in it, and has begun to actively promote the implementation of the carbon tariff. In June 2009, Congress passed the Clean Energy Security Act, which set 2020 as the limit for the introduction of carbon tariffs, indicating the intention of the United States to take the lead in carbon tariffs. Carbon tariffs are not levied, as the United States says, to mitigate global warming and urge countries to fulfil their obligations within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol in order to achieve the goal of fair trade. There is a complex distribution of strategic interests behind the collection of carbon tariffs. The study of carbon tariffs should not only be limited to the perspective of economics, but should be extended to the perspective of international politics and diplomacy to carry out in-depth analysis. Based on the analysis of the background and causes of carbon tariffs in the Obama administration, this paper focuses on a series of effects of carbon tariffs on our national economy and environmental diplomacy, and theoretically clarifies the ways and means of carbon tariff collection in the United States. In practice, it is of great significance to explore the countermeasures for China to deal with carbon tariffs, which is of great significance to the further development of China's national economy and the maintenance of national interests. This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, first of all, it introduces the significance of this topic and the research review of carbon tariff, mainly from the definition of carbon tariff. The influence on China and China's coping strategies are summarized and summarized from three aspects: the latest research trends at home and abroad. Then it expounds the writing ideas and research methods of this paper. The second chapter mainly studies the emergence process of carbon tariff in the United States, mainly from the international background and domestic background, through the interpretation of the carbon tariff collection treaty, combined with the views of experts and scholars, the concept of carbon tariff is defined. This paper holds that the essence of carbon tariff is a kind of border adjustment measure. The third chapter, on the basis of studying the international and domestic background of carbon tariff in the United States, uses realism, classical economic theory and new trade protectionism theory from politics and economy. This paper analyzes Obama's intention to impose carbon tariff from three aspects of environment and demonstrates the necessity of carbon tariff in the United States from three realistic angles: trade protection, increasing fiscal tax and recovering the right of environmental diplomacy. The fourth chapter studies the impact of carbon tariff on China, which is divided into two parts, one is the impact on the national economy, the other is the impact on environmental diplomacy. The influence on the national economy is mainly reflected in three aspects: industrial structure, import and export trade and energy-intensive industries. This paper cites a large number of data, and tries to objectively describe the impact of carbon tariffs on these three aspects. The influence on environmental diplomacy should be reflected in three aspects: the right to set the index of "carbon emissions", the pricing power of "carbon trading" and the dominant power of "carbon tariff" trade. This paper combines the method of case analysis with empirical analysis. This paper makes a qualitative and quantitative study on the impact of American carbon tariffs on China's environmental diplomacy. The fifth chapter puts forward the optional opinions and suggestions for our country to deal with the carbon tariff from the international and domestic levels. On the premise of changing the concept and taking the road of low carbonation, the low carbon economy is developed in China through four aspects: institutional innovation, energy structure adjustment, optimization of industrial structure and technological innovation. Foreign countries strive to seek international support, strengthen international cooperation, and strive to achieve joint environmental governance between China and the United States.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D822.3;F205;F817.12

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